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Related Concept Videos

Balancing Redox Equations02:58

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Electrochemistry is the science involved in the interconversion of electrical and chemical reactions. Such reactions are called reduction-oxidation, or redox reactions. These important reactions are defined by changes in oxidation states for one or more reactant elements and include a subset of reactions involving the transfer of electrons between reactant species. Electrochemistry as a field has evolved to yield sufficient insights on the fundamental principles of redox chemistry and multiple...
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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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Switching behavior in Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) is a fundamental aspect utilized in various electronic circuits, particularly for digital logic applications like switches and amplifiers. In a typical switching circuit, a BJT alternates between cut-off and saturation modes, corresponding to the "off" and "on" states, respectively, thus behaving like an ideal switch.
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A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Experimental Measurement of Settling Velocity of Spherical Particles in Unconfined and Confined Surfactant-based Shear Thinning Viscoelastic Fluids
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Switching worm-based viscoelastic fluid by pH and redox.

Yongmin Zhang1, Fei Qin1, Xuefeng Liu1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
|January 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study demonstrates reversible changes in wormlike micelle (WLM) fluid properties. Adding hydrogen peroxide or decreasing pH alters micelle structure, significantly changing viscosity and fluid behavior.

Keywords:
Redox-responsiveSelenium-containing fatty acid soapViscoelastic fluidWormlike micellespH-responsive

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Wormlike micelles (WLMs) exhibit smart responsive behavior dependent on specific monomeric groups.
  • Surfactants with selenium atoms and carboxylic acid groups are anticipated to be redox- and pH-responsive.
  • Tuning aggregate morphology via molecular structure transitions can affect macroscopic viscoelasticity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the redox- and pH-responsive behavior of WLMs.
  • To explore the tunability of WLM morphology and viscoelasticity through external stimuli.
  • To develop a novel responsive fluid system based on tailored surfactants.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a viscoelastic fluid using potassium benzylselanylundecyl carboxylate (BSeUK) and C16DSB in guanidine hydrochloride.
  • Characterization using rheology, cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), dynamic light scattering, surface tension, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

Main Results:

  • Hydrogen peroxide addition oxidized BSeUK, transitioning entangled WLMs to spherical aggregates and drastically reducing viscosity.
  • Decreased pH transformed BSeUK into an oil-soluble form, causing loss of viscoelasticity and a shift from gel-like fluid to emulsion.
  • Both redox- and pH-induced transitions were reversible, with specific thresholds for H2O2 or oil-soluble fatty acid content.

Conclusions:

  • The developed WLM system demonstrates tunable viscoelastic properties in response to redox and pH stimuli.
  • The reversible nature of these transitions offers potential for controlled fluid applications.
  • Selenium-containing surfactants provide a viable platform for designing smart, responsive materials.