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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Phase Transitions02:31

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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The effect of hematocrit on solid-phase microextraction.

Nathaly Reyes-Garcés1, Md Nazmul Alam1, Janusz Pawliszyn1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.

Analytica Chimica Acta
|January 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Hematocrit levels significantly impact solid-phase microextraction (SPME) recoveries in blood samples, with effects varying by analyte and experimental conditions. Using internal standards can correct for these hematocrit-induced matrix effects, ensuring accurate drug quantification.

Keywords:
BloodHematocrit effectRed blood cellsSPMESample preparationSolid-phase microextraction

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Forensic Science
  • Biomedical Analysis

Background:

  • Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a versatile technique for analyte isolation from complex biological matrices.
  • Previous studies have utilized SPME for drug and metabolite monitoring in blood, but the influence of hematocrit (Hct) remains underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of varying hematocrit levels on SPME recoveries for diverse analytes in whole blood.
  • To evaluate how different SPME experimental conditions (coating type, agitation) modulate Hct effects.

Main Methods:

  • Whole blood samples were prepared at three Hct levels (20%, 45%, 70%).
  • Model compounds with varying lipophilicity (log P 0.33-6.36) were analyzed using hydrophilic lipophilic balanced (HLB) SPME devices and mixed-mode (MM) SPME fibers.
  • Extractions were performed under different agitation methods (vortex vs. orbital shaking) and speeds.

Main Results:

  • Hematocrit significantly affected SPME recoveries, with the impact being analyte-dependent.
  • Extraction efficiency varied based on SPME coating type, agitation method, and duration.
  • Analyte affinity for matrix components versus the SPME coating was identified as a key factor influencing Hct effects.

Conclusions:

  • The effect of hematocrit on SPME is complex and influenced by analyte properties and experimental parameters.
  • Optimizing SPME conditions can mitigate Hct-related variability.
  • Internal standards are crucial for correcting matrix effects and achieving accurate quantification in Hct-variable blood samples.