Treatment of chronic scapholunate dissociation with tenodesis: A systematic review

Scapholunate (SL) instability is the most common dissociative carpal instability condition. It is the most frequent cause of wrist osteoarthritis, defined as scapholunate advanced collapse or SLAC wrist. Familiarity with the SL ligament complex is required to understand the various features of SL instability. Damage to the SL interosseous ligament is the main prerequisite for SL instability; however the extrinsic, palmar and dorsal ligaments of the carpus also come into play. When more than 6 weeks has passed since the initial injury event, SL instability is considered chronic because ligament healing is no longer possible. Before osteoarthritis sets in and when the SL instability is still reducible (scaphoid can be reverticalized), ligament reconstruction surgery is indicated. Since the end of the 1970s, various ligament reconstruction or tenodesis techniques have been described. These techniques are used in cases of chronic, dynamic or static reducible SL instability, when no repairable ligament stump and no chondral lesions are present. The aim is to correct the SL instability using a free or pedicled tendon graft to reduce pain while limiting the loss of mobility and protecting against osteoarthritis-related collapse in the long-term. We will perform a systematic review of the various tenodesis techniques available in the literature.