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Related Concept Videos

What is Variation?01:14

What is Variation?

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Apart from the measures of central tendency, distribution, outliers, and the changing characteristics of data with time, an important characteristic of any data set is its variation or spread. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in others, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean.
The range, standard deviation, standard error, and variance are the different measures of variation.
Range: The range is the difference between its maximum and...
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Variation01:19

Variation

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An important characteristic of any set of data is the variation in the data. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in other data sets, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean. The most common measure of variation, or spread, is the standard deviation, which is the square root of variance.
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Variation of Atmospheric Pressure01:18

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Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the decreasing gravitational force per unit area as we move away from the surface of the earth.
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Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs02:26

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Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
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Coefficient of Variation01:10

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The coefficient of variation measures the dispersion of the data points or distribution around the mean. Using the coefficient of variation, we can compare two data series with drastically different means or different units of measurement. The coefficient of variation for a sample and a population is expressed as a percentage of the ratio of standard deviation to the mean.
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Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation
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HLA variation and disease.

Calliope A Dendrou1, Jan Petersen2,3, Jamie Rossjohn2,3,4

  • 1Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.

Nature Reviews. Immunology
|January 3, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) molecules are key to immunity and autoimmune diseases. Understanding HLA-ligand interactions may enable personalized disease prevention strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The association between Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) and human disease was first described 50 years ago.
  • HLA molecules play critical roles in immune surveillance, protective immunity, and autoimmune reactivity.
  • Technological advancements have facilitated understanding of HLA's role in health and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of HLA molecules in immune function and disease.
  • To explore the molecular mechanisms linking HLA genetics to functional outcomes.
  • To evaluate the potential for personalized, antigen-specific disease prevention through HLA-ligand interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on HLA and disease associations.
  • Analysis of technological advancements in determining HLA molecular mechanisms.
  • Evaluation of research on HLA-ligand interactions for clinical applications.

Main Results:

  • HLA molecules are fundamental to immune surveillance and responsiveness.
  • Molecular mechanisms underlying HLA-disease associations are increasingly understood.
  • Harnessing HLA-ligand interactions shows promise for personalized medicine.

Conclusions:

  • HLA molecules are central to both health and disease pathogenesis.
  • Personalized antigen-specific disease prevention is a realistic future prospect.
  • Further research into HLA-ligand interactions can yield significant clinical benefits.