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Nutrients and perinatal depression: a systematic review.

Thalia M Sparling1, Robin C Nesbitt1, Nicholas Henschke1

  • 1Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.

Journal of Nutritional Science
|January 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Maternal nutrient levels, including folate and vitamin D, may impact perinatal depression risk. However, current evidence is inconclusive, necessitating further high-quality research in deficient populations.

Keywords:
CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression ScaleEPDS, Edinburgh Postpartum Depression ScaleLMIC, low-income and middle-income countriesMaternal healthNutrientsNutritional biomarkersPerinatal depressionRCT, randomised controlled trial

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Nutritional Psychiatry
  • Reproductive Health

Background:

  • Pregnancy and lactation significantly deplete essential nutrients vital for neurotransmission.
  • These nutrient depletions are hypothesized to contribute to the elevated risk of depression during the perinatal period.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review existing literature and synthesize evidence on the relationship between blood nutrient levels and the risk of perinatal depression.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases.
  • Twenty-four studies, encompassing 14,262 subjects, were included for data extraction on depression prevalence, nutrient levels, and study methodologies.
  • Data extracted included study population, depression prevalence, specific nutrients examined, deficiency prevalence, assessment timing, reporting, analysis strategies, and adjustment factors.

Main Results:

  • Fourteen studies indicated an association between perinatal depression and lower levels of specific nutrients (folate, vitamin D, iron, selenium, zinc, fats, and fatty acids).
  • Two studies reported associations with higher nutrient levels, while eight found no significant association.
  • Only ten of the included studies were assessed as having a low risk of bias.

Conclusions:

  • The current evidence linking nutritional biomarkers to perinatal depression remains inconclusive due to methodological limitations and heterogeneity in study designs and findings.
  • Further high-quality research, particularly in populations with documented nutrient deficiencies, is required to establish a definitive causal relationship.