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Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality01:27

Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality

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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
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Social Cognitive Perspective on Personality01:30

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Social cognitive perspectives on personality emphasize the importance of conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals in shaping behavior. These perspectives incorporate behaviorist principles, such as learning through reinforcement and conditioning, but extend beyond them by highlighting human reasoning and planning. Unlike traditional behaviorist views, social cognitive theory focuses on how individuals reflect on their past experiences and plan for future outcomes by considering...
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In a study where individuals posing as strangers offered compliments and proposed casual sex to students, the responses differed significantly based on gender. Not a single woman accepted the proposal, while 70% of the men agreed. This outcome provides a useful scenario to explore through the lens of evolutionary psychology and social learning theory, highlighting the diverse perspectives on human sexual behaviors.
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The Behavioral Perspective on Personality01:19

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Behaviorists view personality as primarily shaped by environmental reinforcements and consequences. According to this perspective, behavior is influenced by external stimuli, and individuals adjust their actions based on rewards and punishments. Over time, learning histories — accumulated patterns of reinforcement — play a significant role in shaping personality. Behaviors that lead to positive outcomes are reinforced, while those resulting in negative outcomes are diminished.
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The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
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Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Gynecologic Cancer
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Spinal radiosurgery: a neurosurgical perspective.

Mark H Bilsky1, Lilyana Angelov2, Jack Rock3

  • 1Department of Neurological surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.

Journal of Radiosurgery and SBRT
|January 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Spine stereotactic radiosurgery (SSRS) offers superior local tumor control for spine tumors compared to conventional radiation. This advanced technique is changing treatment paradigms, showing high efficacy with limited toxicity.

Keywords:
Spine stereotactic radiosurgerymetastatic spine tumorprimary spine tumorspinal cord tolerancespine radiationspine tumor

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Spine stereotactic radiosurgery (SSRS) is an emerging treatment for primary and metastatic spine tumors.
  • Conventional radiation shows limitations in controlling radioresistant tumors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the neurosurgical integration of spine stereotactic radiosurgery (SSRS) into clinical practice.
  • To highlight the efficacy and safety of SSRS in treating various spinal tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on SSRS for spine tumors.
  • Analysis of local tumor control rates and toxicity profiles.
  • Assessment of SSRS integration as primary, neoadjuvant, or adjuvant therapy.

Main Results:

  • SSRS demonstrates local control rates exceeding 85%, independent of tumor histology.
  • High-dose hypofractionated and single-fraction radiation improve control for radioresistant tumors.
  • Limited toxicity, including rare cases of radiation-induced myelopathy, is observed despite proximity to the spinal cord.

Conclusions:

  • SSRS is significantly improving local tumor control for spine tumors, altering treatment strategies.
  • SSRS is being integrated as a primary or adjuvant therapy, allowing for less aggressive surgical approaches.
  • Establishing critical structure tolerances is key for expanding SSRS use, including for spinal cord compression.