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Related Concept Videos

Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation02:32

Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation

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In the field of psychology, there are several ways to organize measurements of a trait, feature, or characteristic (i.e., variables). Qualitative data, such as ethnicity, can be tabulated into a frequency count to provide information about the proportion, as well as the variety of groups in a sample or population. On the other hand, researchers can perform a wider set of calculations on quantitative data. The mean, mode, and median, for instance, are central tendency measures to identify a...
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Standard Deviation01:10

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The most commonly used measure of variation is the standard deviation. It is a numerical value measuring how far data values are from their mean. The standard deviation value is small when the data are concentrated close to the mean, exhibiting slight variation or spread. The standard deviation value is never negative, it is either positive or zero. The standard deviation is larger when the data values are more spread out from the mean, which means the data values are exhibiting more variation.
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Mean Absolute Deviation01:13

Mean Absolute Deviation

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The mean absolute deviation is also a measure of the variability of data in a sample. It is the absolute value of the average difference between the data values and the mean.
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Angular Momentum

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Angular momentum characterizes an object's rotational motion and is defined as the moment of its linear momentum about a specified point O. When a particle moves along a curved path in the x-y plane, the scalar formulation calculates the magnitude of its angular momentum, utilizing the moment arm (d), representing the perpendicular distance from point O to the line of action of the linear momentum. Despite being scalar in formulation, angular momentum is inherently a vector quantity. Its...
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Standard Deviation of Calculated Results01:14

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Standard deviation measures the spread of data around the mean value. Many large data sets follow a Gaussian distribution, also known as a normal distribution. This distribution is bell-shaped curved, with the most frequently observed value (mean or central value) in the middle. The farther away from the central value, the greater the deviation from the central value, and the lower the frequency.
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Calculating Standard Deviation01:08

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The standard deviation is the most common measure of variation. It is a value that tells us how far a data value is from the mean value in a dataset. Further, the standard deviation is always a positive value or zero.
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Dosimetric impact of angular deviations in positioning for spinal radiosurgery.

Jinkoo Kim1, Jian-Yue Jin1, Ning Wen1

  • 1Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA.

Journal of Radiosurgery and SBRT
|January 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Rotational deviations in spinal radiosurgery are infrequent but can significantly impact target minimum dose and spinal cord maximum dose. Careful attention is needed for elongated targets.

Keywords:
Spinal radiosurgeryangular deviationdosimetric impactimage-guided radiation therapyspinal cord dose

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Spinal Surgery

Background:

  • Image-guided radiosurgery (IGRS) commonly corrects only translational shifts.
  • Rotational setup deviations are often uncorrected in spinal radiosurgery.
  • Understanding these deviations is crucial for optimizing treatment accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence of rotational setup deviations in spinal radiosurgery.
  • To estimate the dosimetric impact of these rotational deviations on targets and the spinal cord.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 711 stereoscopic image registrations from 546 patients undergoing spine radiosurgery.
  • Classification of procedures by spinal region: cervical, thoracic, and lumbar.
  • Simulation CT images were rotated to quantify dosimetric changes in target coverage (V90), minimum dose (Dmin), and spinal cord dose (D10, Dmax).

Main Results:

  • Large target rotations (>5 degrees) occurred in 1% of cases; >3 degrees in 8%.
  • Mean rotations were small (<0.6 degrees), with standard deviations ranging from 1.4 to 2.0 degrees.
  • While target coverage (V90) and cord D10 changes were minor, target Dmin and cord Dmax showed larger variations (e.g., cord Dmax 92%-138% of reference).

Conclusions:

  • Significant rotational deviations are uncommon in spinal radiosurgery.
  • Dosimetric impact is minimal on target coverage and spinal cord D10.
  • However, target Dmin and spinal cord Dmax can be substantially affected, necessitating caution for elongated targets.