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Related Concept Videos

Venous Thrombosis I: Introduction01:30

Venous Thrombosis I: Introduction

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Venous thrombosis, the most common disorder of the veins, involves the formation of a thrombus or blood clot associated with vein inflammation. It can be classified as either superficial vein thrombosis or deep vein thrombosis.Superficial Vein Thrombosis: This involves the formation of a thrombus in a superficial vein, usually the greater or lesser saphenous vein. Though less severe than deep vein thrombosis (DVT), SVT can lead to complications if untreated.Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): This...
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Air-entraining Agents01:27

Air-entraining Agents

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Air-entraining agents improve the durability and workability of concrete in climates with frequent freezing and thawing. These agents prevent cracks by introducing small air bubbles into the mix, creating spaces accommodating water expansion when temperatures drop. The air-entraining agents lower the surface tension of water, forming stable, small air bubbles. This method is more effective than having accidental large voids, as the intentional, smaller, and evenly distributed air voids improve...
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Venous Thrombosis III: Interprofessional Care01:29

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Venous thrombosis requires effective prevention and treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes and reduce potential complications.Prevention StrategiesHealthcare providers must prioritize preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE) for all adult patients upon admission. Interventions depend on bleeding and thrombosis risk, medical history, current medications, diagnoses, planned procedures, and patient preferences. Patients on bed rest should change positions every two hours and, if not...
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Venous Thrombosis IV: Nursing Management01:30

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Nursing management begins with a thorough assessment of the patient's health history. Key factors include trauma to veins, peripherally inserted central catheters, varicose veins, recent pregnancy or childbirth, surgery, bacteremia, prolonged bed rest, atrial fibrillation, COPD, heart failure, cancer, coagulation disorders, myocardial infarction, spinal cord injury, stroke, prolonged travel, recent bone fractures, and dehydration. Review medication intake, particularly oral contraceptives,...
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Effects of Air-entrainment in Concrete01:28

Effects of Air-entrainment in Concrete

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Air entrainment in concrete significantly enhances the material's durability, especially in environments subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. Introducing small air bubbles into the concrete mix acts as internal voids that accommodate the expansion of water when it freezes, thereby alleviating internal stress and preventing structural cracks. This function is crucial in climates with significant freezing and thawing, as it protects the concrete from repeated stresses that could lead to premature...
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Measurement of Air Content in Concrete

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Air content measurement in concrete is critical for ensuring structural integrity and durability of concrete structures, especially in environments prone to severe weather conditions. Accurate air content analysis optimizes concrete's resistance to freeze-thaw cycles and enhances its workability and strength. Several methods are standardized under ASTM guidelines to measure the air content in fresh concrete, each suitable for different concrete types and conditions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Visualizing Field Data Collection Procedures of Exposure and Biomarker Assessments for the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network Trial in India
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Ambient air pollution and thrombosis.

Sarah Robertson1, Mark R Miller2

  • 1Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RQ, UK. Sarah.Robertson3@phe.gov.uk.

Particle and Fibre Toxicology
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PubMed
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Air pollution, especially fine particulate matter (PM2.5), promotes blood clotting and contributes to cardiovascular disease. Emerging evidence highlights complex pathways involving platelet activation and oxidative stress.

Keywords:
Air pollutionCoagulationDiesel exhaustNitrogen dioxideOzoneParticulate matterThrombosis

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Air pollution is a significant global public health issue.
  • Exposure is linked to impaired cardiovascular function, disease exacerbation, and mortality.
  • Previous reviews suggest thrombotic effects of particulate air pollution are a key factor.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent scientific evidence (2009-2016) on the role of hemostasis and thrombosis in cardiovascular disease linked to air pollution.
  • To assess the contribution of both particulate and gaseous pollutants.

Main Methods:

  • In-depth review of seventy-four publications.
  • Appraisal of evidence on hemostasis and thrombosis in relation to air pollution exposure.

Main Results:

  • Acute exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) shifts hemostatic balance towards a pro-thrombotic state.
  • Mechanisms include platelet activation, oxidative stress, IL-6/tissue factor interplay, microvesicles, and epigenetic changes.
  • Limited data exists for gaseous pollutants and long-term exposure effects.

Conclusions:

  • Recent evidence strengthens the link between air pollution and cardiovascular morbidity via enhanced hemostasis.
  • Multiple, likely interacting, pathways contribute to pollution-mediated thrombosis.
  • Future research should investigate gaseous pollutants and susceptible populations.