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Inadequacy of Conventional Grab Sampling for Remediation Decision-Making for Metal Contamination at Small-Arms

J L Clausen1, T Georgian2, K H Gardner3

  • 1U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA. jay.l.clausen@usace.army.mil.

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
|January 5, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Grab sampling is insufficient for assessing metal contamination at small-arms ranges (SARs). Limited sampling sizes lead to high false negative rates, complicating risk analysis and cleanup decisions for sites with heterogeneous metal distribution.

Keywords:
Grab samplingHeterogeneityMetalsResidueSmall-arms rangeSoil

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Geochemistry
  • Risk Assessment

Background:

  • Military ranges often contain energetic materials and metals.
  • Grab sampling is commonly used but may be inadequate for heterogeneous contaminants.
  • Limited research exists on metal distribution variability at small-arms ranges (SARs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the suitability of grab sampling for risk analysis at metal-contaminated SARs.
  • To assess the impact of sample size on the reliability of metal contamination data.
  • To investigate the heterogeneous distribution of metals like copper, lead, antimony, and zinc.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized field data from 30-48 grab samples at SARs.
  • Employed Monte Carlo random resampling (bootstrapping) simulations.
  • Analyzed extractable metal content (Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn).

Main Results:

  • Lead (Pb) data exhibited a wide range (5-4500 mg/kg) with a 95% confidence interval of 200-700 mg/kg for a mean of 432 mg/kg.
  • The U.S. EPA screening level for lead (400 mg/kg) made cleanup necessity uncertain.
  • Simulations with smaller, realistic sample sizes (7-15 samples) resulted in high false negative rates.

Conclusions:

  • Grab sampling may provide insufficient data for accurate risk assessment at metal-contaminated SARs.
  • Heterogeneous metal distribution necessitates larger or more strategic sampling efforts.
  • Current sampling strategies may underestimate contamination, potentially delaying necessary remediation.