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Related Concept Videos

Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
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Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion01:28

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

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Tubular secretion and reabsorption are two critical processes in the nephron tubule of the kidneys. When the fluid filtered from the glomerulus enters the proximal convoluted tubule, it is referred to as filtrate, and its composition changes due to tubular reabsorption and secretion.
Tubular reabsorption is a selective process that starts when the filtrate enters the proximal tubules. It involves substances traveling through the transcellular route (through the tubule cell and peritubular...
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Physiology of the Genitourinary System II: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion01:22

Physiology of the Genitourinary System II: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

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The kidneys maintain homeostasis through filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Tubular reabsorption and secretion are crucial in forming urine and regulating electrolytes, water balance, and waste elimination.Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion ProcessesTubular reabsorption is the process that reclaims essential substances such as electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, and water from the glomerular filtrate back into the bloodstream. This is achieved through passive and active transport...
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Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Reabsorption01:25

Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Reabsorption

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Tubular reabsorption, a process occurring post-glomerular filtration of drugs in the renal tubule, is a critical determinant of drug half-life. During the process of renal excretion, as the glomerular filtrate progresses to the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), drugs that are highly permeable, lipophilic, and nonionized undergo passive reabsorption from the tubular fluid into the surrounding peritubular capillaries. This reabsorption process restricts their elimination through the kidneys. This...
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Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Secretion01:28

Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Secretion

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Active tubular secretion is a robust, energy-demanding process that utilizes carrier systems to transport drugs into renal tubules. The active renal secretion systems include the organic anion transporter (OAT) for weak acids and the organic cation transporter (OCT) for weak bases. Structurally similar drugs can compete for the same transporter, potentially leading to drug accumulation and toxicity. However, this principle can be exploited therapeutically. One example is probenecid (Probalan),...
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Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Tubular Secretion01:15

Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Tubular Secretion

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Once the process of glomerular filtration is completed, blood carrying unfiltered drug molecules traverses through efferent arterioles and makes its way into the peritubular capillaries in the proximal tubule. A variety of carriers play a pivotal role in actively secreting drugs from these peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid. The organic anion transporter transfers acidic drugs, against an electrochemical gradient, from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule cells and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Membrane Remodeling of Giant Vesicles in Response to Localized Calcium Ion Gradients
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The Zooxanthellal Tubular System in the Giant Clam.

J H Norton, M A Shepherd, H M Long

    The Biological Bulletin
    |January 5, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Giant clams host symbiotic algae called zooxanthellae within a previously disputed tubular system in their mantle. This study confirms the system

    Area of Science:

    • Marine Biology
    • Symbiosis Research
    • Zoology

    Background:

    • Giant clams (Tridacnidae) harbor symbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) crucial for nutrition.
    • A historical debate exists regarding a tubular system in the clam mantle containing zooxanthellae, with conflicting views from Mansour and Yonge.
    • Zooxanthellae are traditionally believed to reside in the mantle's hemal spaces.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the anatomical location of zooxanthellae within giant clams.
    • To resolve the historical debate concerning the existence of a tubular system for zooxanthellae housing.
    • To clarify the relationship between giant clams and their symbiotic algae.

    Main Methods:

    • Histological examination of giant clam mantle tissue.

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  • Microscopic analysis to identify the structure housing zooxanthellae.
  • Comparative anatomical study to confirm Mansour's observations.

    • Main Results:

    • The study confirmed the presence of a branched, tubular system within the giant clam mantle.
    • Zooxanthellae were found to inhabit this tubular system, not the hemal spaces.
    • This tubular system was shown to have no direct connection with the hemolymph.

    Conclusions:

    • The existence of a specialized tubular system for zooxanthellae in giant clams is confirmed.
    • This finding challenges the long-held belief of zooxanthellae residing solely in hemal spaces.
    • The discovery has significant implications for understanding giant clam-algal symbiosis.