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Reproductive Cloning01:27

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Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
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Integration by parts is a fundamental technique in calculus for evaluating integrals involving the product of two functions. It is particularly useful when direct integration is not feasible. The method is based on the product rule for differentiation, which states that the derivative of a product equals the derivative of the first function times the second, plus the first function times the derivative of the second. By integrating this identity and rearranging terms, the integration by parts...
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Coral Reef Arks: An In Situ Mesocosm and Toolkit for Assembling Reef Communities
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Reproductive Integration in Reef Corals.

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    This summary is machine-generated.

    Colonial integration in scleractinian corals is limited, with polyp fertility mainly influenced by position and age, not colony-level coordination. Polyp dimorphism in some species suggests limited reproductive integration.

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    Area of Science:

    • Marine Biology
    • Zoology
    • Ecology

    Background:

    • The degree of colonial integration in simple animals like scleractinian corals remains unclear.
    • Assessing colony-level individuality requires understanding characters beyond the individual polyp level.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate colony-level individuality in ten diverse reef coral species.
    • To determine if sexual reproductive characters indicate integration above the polyp level.

    Main Methods:

    • Examined sexual reproductive characters: fertile polyp distribution and colony size at maturation.
    • Studied ten morphologically diverse coral species.
    • Simulated natural wounds in three massive species to assess polyp fertility responses.

    Main Results:

    • Fertile polyps were unevenly distributed within colonies across all species.
    • Fertility patterns were largely explained by polyp position and ontogenetic effects.
    • Only polyp dimorphism in Acropora species provided clear evidence of reproductive integration.

    Conclusions:

    • Scleractinian coral colonies exhibit limited colony-level integration.
    • Fertility is primarily influenced by polyp position and colony age, not widespread integration.
    • Polyp dimorphism is a key indicator of reproductive integration in some coral species.