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Atomic Orbitals

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.

Molecular Orbital Theory I

Molecular Orbital Theory I

Overview of Molecular Orbital Theory

Molecular Orbital Theory II

Molecular Orbital Theory II

Molecular Orbital Energy Diagrams

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

A Reversible Silicon Oil-Induced Ocular Hypertension Model in Mice

A Reversible Silicon Oil-Induced Ocular Hypertension Model in Mice

Published on: November 15, 2019

Silicone oil migration into the orbit.

Sana Ali Bautista, Edward J Wladis, Martha Farber

Orbit (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

|January 5, 2018

Summary

This case report details silicone oil migrating into the orbit after retinal detachment surgery. Histopathology confirmed silicone oil in orbital fat, with good patient outcomes.

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Retinal Surgery
Orbital Anatomy

Background:

Silicone oil tamponade is a common surgical adjunct for retinal detachment repair.
Orbital extrusion of silicone oil is a rare complication.

Observation:

A 70-year-old male presented with progressive right lower eyelid edema.
The patient had a history of right ruptured globe repair, retinal detachment surgery, and prior intravitreal silicone oil instillation and removal.

Findings:

Histopathology confirmed silicone oil intermixed with necrotic orbital fat.
The patient experienced excellent cosmetic and functional outcomes post-excision.

Implications:

Silicone oil migration into orbital fat may occur due to increased intraocular pressure.

Keywords:

Silicone oil orbit periorbital edema vitrectomy

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Extrusion may happen through sclerotomy sites, even those presumed to be watertight.