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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Orbitals02:44

Atomic Orbitals

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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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Molecular Orbital Theory I02:35

Molecular Orbital Theory I

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Overview of Molecular Orbital Theory
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Molecular Orbital Theory II03:51

Molecular Orbital Theory II

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sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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The Energies of Atomic Orbitals03:21

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
08:18

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Published on: May 16, 2025

732

Unilateral orbital fat change.

Ivan Yeu Ming Yip1, Balasubramanian Ramasamy1

  • 1Wirral University Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Wirral, UK.

BMJ Case Reports
|January 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A man developed prostaglandin-associated periorbitopathy, characterized by sunken eyes, after using prostaglandin analogues for glaucoma treatment. This condition involves significant orbital fat loss, altering eye appearance.

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Ocular surface disease

Background:

  • Open-angle glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy.
  • Prostaglandin analogues are commonly used for glaucoma management.

Observation:

  • A male patient in his 60s presented with a noticeable change in his left eye's appearance.
  • Examination revealed extensive orbital fat loss, causing a sunken globe (enophthalmos).

Findings:

  • The patient had a history of open-angle glaucoma treated with a prostaglandin analogue in the affected eye for over 4 years.
  • A diagnosis of prostaglandin-associated periorbitopathy was established.

Implications:

  • Prostaglandin-associated periorbitopathy is a potential side effect of long-term prostaglandin analogue use.
Keywords:
eyeglaucoma

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  • This condition can lead to significant cosmetic changes, impacting patient quality of life.
  • Ophthalmologists should be aware of this adverse effect when prescribing prostaglandin analogues.