Principles and applications of the balanced steady-state free precession sequence in small animal low-field MRI

Area of Science:

• Veterinary Radiology
• Medical Imaging Physics

Background:

• Small animal MRI traditionally uses 2D sequences with limited spatial resolution, especially on low-field (LF) scanners.
• Volumetric sequences like balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) offer enhanced diagnostic potential.
• bSSFP is underutilized in veterinary radiology despite its advantages for specific anatomical regions.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the technical principles of the bSSFP sequence.
• To explore advantageous applications of bSSFP in small animal LF-MRI.
• To highlight bSSFP's utility in diagnosing specific spinal, brain, and ligament disorders.

Main Methods:

• Discussion of bSSFP sequence principles, including T1/T2 contrast mechanisms.
• Review of bSSFP's high signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution capabilities.
• Exploration of potential clinical applications based on sequence properties.

Main Results:

• bSSFP provides high spatial resolution and excellent contrast for fluid-containing structures.
• The sequence is well-suited for morphologic imaging, particularly in fluid-rich areas.
• Potential applications include diagnosing arachnoid diverticula, disc herniations, synovial cysts, fluid accumulation, traumatic injuries, and ligament tears.

Conclusions:

• bSSFP represents a valuable tool for enhancing diagnostic capabilities in small animal LF-MRI.
• Its application can significantly improve the detection and characterization of various pathologies.
• Further adoption of bSSFP in veterinary practice is recommended for improved patient outcomes.