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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
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Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

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A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This...
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Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

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The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
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Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
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[A long-standing swelling on the shoulder].

M V van Burink1, G M van Couwelaar, I Diederen

  • 1Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo.

Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde
|January 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A cutaneous horn, a skin lesion with a conical projection, was observed on a 49-year-old woman's shoulder. This common condition typically affects sun-exposed skin and can be benign or malignant.

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Cutaneous horns are characterized by a conical projection of cornified material.
  • They represent a clinical diagnosis, not a specific histopathological entity.
  • These lesions are frequently found on sun-exposed skin areas.

Observation:

  • A case of a 49-year-old woman presenting with a cutaneous horn on her right shoulder is described.
  • The lesion had been present for 20 years.

Findings:

  • The case highlights the long-term presence of cutaneous horns.
  • The clinical presentation aligns with the definition of cutaneous horns as a projection of cornified material.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the importance of evaluating cutaneous horns, regardless of duration, due to their potential for underlying malignancy.

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  • Further investigation may be warranted to determine the exact nature of the lesion.
  • Understanding the clinical presentation aids in early diagnosis and management of skin lesions.