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Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

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Predicting Precipitation
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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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In a precipitation reaction, aqueous solutions of soluble salts react to give an insoluble ionic compound – the precipitate. The reaction occurs when oppositely charged ions in solution overcome their attraction for water and bind to each other, forming a precipitate that separates out from the solution. Since such reactions involve the exchange of ions between ionic compounds in aqueous solution, they are also referred to as double displacement, double replacement, exchange reactions, or...
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The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect indicates a “loss” in mass of 4.0331 amu – 4.0026 amu = 0.0305 amu. The loss in mass accompanying the formation of an atom from protons, neutrons, and electrons is due to the conversion of that mass into energy that is evolved as the atom forms. The nuclear binding energy is the energy produced when the atoms’ nucleons are bound...
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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Precipitation Gravimetry

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
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Silicate Binding and Precipitation on Iron Oxyhydroxides.

Masakazu Kanematsu1,2, Glenn A Waychunas1, Jean-François Boily2

  • 1Energy Geosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.

Environmental Science & Technology
|January 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Silicate ions preferentially attach to single hydroxo groups on goethite and lepidocrocite mineral surfaces. This surface reaction initiates silicate oligomerization and polymerization, impacting waterborne silica behavior.

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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Mineralogy

Background:

  • Silica-bearing waters interact with mineral surfaces, altering reactivity through Si complex and solid deposition.
  • Understanding these interactions is crucial for predicting the fate of silica in natural environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify specific surface hydroxo groups on goethite and lepidocrocite involved in ligand exchange with silicate species.
  • To elucidate the initial attachment sites and mechanisms of silicate oligomerization and polymerization on these mineral surfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to analyze hydroxo groups on goethite (α-FeOOH) and lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) surfaces.
  • Samples were reacted with monomeric silicate species in aqueous solutions at varying pH and time, followed by drying under N2(g) for spectral analysis.
  • Analysis focused on O-H stretching bands corresponding to singly (-OH), doubly (μ-OH), and triply coordinated (μ3-OH) groups.

Main Results:

  • Silicate species preferentially exchanged singly coordinated (-OH) groups on goethite and lepidocrocite surfaces.
  • Doubly (μ-OH) and triply coordinated (μ3-OH) groups were not involved in the initial ligand exchange.
  • Silicate attachment predominantly occurs in rows of mononuclear monodentate species, initiating oligomerization at loadings >∼1 Si/nm2.

Conclusions:

  • The preferential exchange of -OH groups dictates the initial sites for silicate adsorption and subsequent polymerization.
  • These findings clarify the mechanism of silica deposition on iron oxyhydroxides, influencing water-mineral interactions.
  • Understanding these surface processes is vital for predicting silica behavior in geological and environmental systems.