Mechanical Properties of Arterial Elastin With Water Loss

Elastin is a peculiar elastomer in that it requires water to maintain resilience, and its mechanical properties are closely associated with the immediate aqueous environment. The bulk, extra- and intrafibrillar water plays important roles in both elastic and viscoelastic properties of elastin. In this study, a two-stage liquid-vapor method was developed to investigate the effects of water loss on the mechanical properties of porcine aortic elastin. The tissue samples started in a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution at their fully hydrated condition, with a gravimetric water content of 370±36%. The hydration level was reduced by enclosing the tissue in dialysis tubing and submerging it in polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution at concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 45% w/v, which reduced the water content of the samples to 258±34%, 224±20%, 109±9%, and 58±3%, respectively. The samples were then transferred to a humidity chamber to maintain the hydration level while the samples underwent equi-biaxial tensile and stress relaxation tests. The concentration of 10% PEG treatment induced insignificant changes in tissue dimensions and stiffness, indicating that the removal of bulk water has less effect on elastin. Significant increases in tangent modulus were observed after 20% and 30% PEG treatment due to the decreased presence of extrafibrillar water. Elastin treated with 45% PEG shows a very rigid behavior as most of the extrafibrillar water is eliminated. These results suggest that extrafibrillar water is crucial for elastin to maintain its elastic behavior. It was also observed that the anisotropy of elastin tends to decrease with water loss. An increase in stress relaxation was observed for elastin treated with 30% PEG, indicating a more viscous behavior of elastin when the amount of extrafibrillar water is significantly reduced. Results from this study shed light on the close association between the bulk, extra- and intrafibrillar water pools and the mechanics of elastin.