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Inertial Frames of Reference01:03

Inertial Frames of Reference

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Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with...
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Non-inertial Frames of Reference01:27

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A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in an airplane, turning a corner in a car, riding a merry-go-round, and the circular motion of a tropical cyclone all have in common. All these systems are accelerating, decelerating, or rotating relative to the Earth; hence, they all are non-inertial frames. All these systems exhibit inertial forces, which merely seem to arise from motion,...
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Overview Of Cell Separation And Isolation01:20

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Cell separation was first achieved in 1964 by S. H. Seal, who separated large tumor cells from the smaller blood cells using filtration. Two years later, Pohl and Hawk performed experiments on how cells respond differently to a nonuniform electric field based on the cell type. Such observations were the inception of cell separation methods, which allow isolating a single cell type from a heterogeneous sample.
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Microfluidics-Assisted Selective Depolarization of Axonal Mitochondria
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Selective separation of microalgae cells using inertial microfluidics.

Maira S Syed1, Mehdi Rafeie2, Dries Vandamme3

  • 1School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia; Biomass Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia.

Bioresource Technology
|January 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel spiral microchannel effectively separates invasive diatoms from valuable microalgae cultures, enhancing biomass production. This inertial microfluidics technique purifies Tetraselmis suecica cultures with high efficiency and viability.

Keywords:
Phaeodactylum tricornutumSelective separationSpiral microchannelTetraselmis suecica

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Microfluidics
  • Aquaculture

Background:

  • Microalgae are a vital biomass source, but contamination by other species reduces productivity.
  • Contamination by invasive species like diatoms significantly impacts microalgae culture quality and yield.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a low-cost method for separating invasive diatoms from microalgae cultures.
  • To purify Tetraselmis suecica cultures from Phaeodactylum tricornutum using microfluidic technology.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a spiral-microchannel device for cell separation.
  • Employed fluorescent microbeads as surrogates to optimize microchannel design and flow rates.
  • Investigated inertial microfluidics for sorting microalgae species based on size differences.

Main Results:

  • Achieved up to 95% separation of Phaeodactylum tricornutum cells.
  • Maintained high cell viability of the target microalgae species.
  • Demonstrated the effectiveness of inertial microfluidics for sorting microalgae with minimal size differences.

Conclusions:

  • The spiral-microchannel offers an efficient and low-cost solution for microalgae purification.
  • Inertial microfluidics shows significant potential for sorting microalgae species in industrial applications.
  • This method can also serve as a pre-sorting technique for water quality analysis.