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Metastasis

Metastasis

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...

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Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Induction of Leptomeningeal Cells Modification Via Intracisternal Injection

Induction of Leptomeningeal Cells Modification Via Intracisternal Injection

Published on: May 7, 2020

Leptomeningeal metastasis.

Sophie Taillibert¹, Marc C Chamberlain²

¹Department of Neurology 2, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, Paris, France.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

|January 9, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM), cancer spread to the brain and spinal cord fluid, is increasing. Targeted therapies show promise for managing LM, but more research is needed.

Keywords:

cancer carcinomatous meningitis leptomeningeal meningitis neoplastic meningitis response assessment solid tumors systemic treatment targeted therapies

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Area of Science:

Neuro-oncology
Medical oncology
Cancer research

Background:

Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) is the spread of cancer cells to the pia and arachnoid membranes and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Breast, lung, and melanoma cancers are common causes of LM.
Improved survival from cancer therapies has led to an increased incidence of LM.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current understanding and management of leptomeningeal metastasis.
To highlight advances in detection and treatment of LM.
To emphasize the need for standardized response assessment and prospective trials.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on LM.
Discussion of diagnostic methods, including CSF circulating tumor cells and cell-free DNA.
Analysis of therapeutic strategies, including palliative care, surgery, radiotherapy, systemic, and intra-CSF therapies.

Main Results:

Neurologic deficits in LM are often irreversible and impact quality of life.
Novel detection methods are improving LM diagnosis.
Retrospective studies suggest molecular-targeted therapies (e.g., EGFR, ALK, HER2, BRAF inhibitors) show efficacy in LM management.

Conclusions:

LM management requires a multidisciplinary approach.
Molecular-targeted therapies represent a promising avenue for LM treatment.
Prospective, randomized trials with standardized response assessment are crucial to validate these findings.