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Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Antibody Transfection into Neurons as a Tool to Study Disease Pathogenesis
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Antibody Transfection into Neurons as a Tool to Study Disease Pathogenesis

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Pathogenesis and biology.

Frank Winkler1

  • 1Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Heidelberg, and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|January 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain metastasis, a growing cancer complication, involves cancer cells mastering steps for brain colonization. Understanding these steps and the brain microenvironment is key to developing new therapies.

Keywords:
angiogenesisastrocytesbiologyblood vesselsbrain metastasescancer stem cellsendothelial cellsmetastatic cascademicrogliaperivascular niche

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Neuroscience
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • Brain metastasis is an increasing complication of solid cancers.
  • Understanding the molecular and cellular basis of brain colonization has advanced, but key aspects remain unclear.
  • The precise characteristics of brain metastasis-initiating cells and the premetastatic niche require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the critical steps and mechanisms involved in the brain metastatic cascade.
  • To identify vulnerable stages in brain colonization for therapeutic targeting.
  • To enhance understanding of the interactions between cancer cells and the brain microenvironment.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of current research on brain metastasis pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of molecular pathways and cellular interactions in brain colonization.
  • Investigation of cancer cell dormancy, growth, and adaptation within the brain.

Main Results:

  • Brain metastasis involves a sequential cascade, including extravasation and colonization of a perivascular niche.
  • Cancer cell dormancy or growth depends on interactions with brain-specific cells and molecular niches.
  • Activation of specific molecular pathways related to growth, motility, survival, and brain adaptation is crucial.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of the brain metastatic cascade, including cellular and molecular determinants, is essential.
  • Identifying vulnerable steps in brain colonization can lead to novel preventive strategies.
  • Elucidating mechanisms of macrometastatic growth and persistence will improve therapeutic outcomes for brain metastases.