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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Updated: Feb 16, 2026

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Hepatocellular carcinoma.

Alejandro Forner1, María Reig1, Jordi Bruix1

  • 1Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer group, Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain.

Lancet (London, England)
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Summary

Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in cirrhosis patients via ultrasound surveillance enables timely treatment. Current therapies include resection, transplantation, ablation, chemoembolisation, and targeted drugs like sorafenib for advanced stages.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Oncology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a frequent complication in patients with liver cirrhosis.
  • Early diagnosis of HCC is crucial for effective treatment, often achieved through biannual ultrasound surveillance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize scientific evidence supporting current clinical practice recommendations for HCC management.
  • To discuss areas requiring further research in HCC treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific evidence for current HCC treatment guidelines.
  • Discussion of therapeutic strategies including resection, transplantation, ablation, chemoembolisation, and systemic therapies.

Main Results:

  • Resection is optimal for solitary tumors with preserved liver function.
  • Liver transplantation is indicated for patients within Milan criteria.
  • Image-guided ablation, chemoembolisation, and systemic agents (sorafenib, lenvatinib, regorafenib) are effective for specific HCC stages and patient profiles.

Conclusions:

  • Current evidence supports surveillance and diverse therapeutic strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma based on tumor stage and patient condition.
  • Further research is needed to refine treatment protocols and improve outcomes for advanced HCC.