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Related Concept Videos

Amino acids03:42

Amino acids

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Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible for...
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Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

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Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
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Mixtures of Acids03:27

Mixtures of Acids

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The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and its initial concentration. If a solution contains two different acids, then its pH can be determined using one of several methods depending upon the relative strength of the acids and their dissociation constants.
A Mixture of a Strong Acid and a Weak Acid
In a mixture of a strong acid and a weak acid, the strong acid dissociates completely and becomes a source of almost all the hydronium ions...
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Nucleic Acids02:43

Nucleic Acids

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Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
DNA and RNA
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes,...
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Nucleic acids02:43

Nucleic acids

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Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
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The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes,...
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Acidity of Carboxylic Acids01:21

Acidity of Carboxylic Acids

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Carboxylic acids are the strongest organic acids. However, their acidic strength is much less than mineral acids like HCl. Carboxylic acids ionize in water and readily lose the hydroxyl proton to form a resonance-stabilized carboxylate ion.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Application of Retinoic Acid to Obtain Osteocytes Cultures from Primary Mouse Osteoblasts
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Application of Retinoic Acid to Obtain Osteocytes Cultures from Primary Mouse Osteoblasts

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Retinoic Acid Embryopathy.

Dipankar Mondal1, Sreekanth R Shenoy1, Santisena Mishra1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Post Graduate Institute of Pediatrics and Shri Ramachandra Bhanj Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, Odisha, India.

International Journal of Applied & Basic Medical Research
|January 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prenatal isotretinoin exposure can cause severe birth defects. This case highlights craniofacial, cardiac, and central nervous system malformations in a newborn exposed to isotretinoin during pregnancy.

Keywords:
Anotiacentral nervous system malformationcongenital heart diseaseisotretinoinmicrotiateratogenic

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Area of Science:

  • Teratology and developmental toxicology
  • Clinical teratology
  • Pharmacology of retinoids

Background:

  • Isotretinoin, a Vitamin A derivative, treats severe cystic acne.
  • It is a known teratogen, causing significant birth defects.
  • Previous studies link prenatal isotretinoin exposure to malformations.

Observation:

  • A newborn presented with multiple congenital anomalies.
  • The infant had a history of prenatal exposure to isotretinoin.
  • Observed defects included anotia, microtia, congenital heart disease, and CNS malformations.

Findings:

  • Detailed case report of a neonate with isotretinoin embryopathy.
  • Specific craniofacial defects: left anotia, right microtia.
  • Associated complex congenital heart disease and central nervous system malformation.

Implications:

  • Reinforces the teratogenic risks of isotretinoin.
  • Highlights the need for strict prescribing guidelines and patient counseling.
  • Informs clinical management and genetic counseling for exposed pregnancies.