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Protein Dynamics in Living Cells

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Experimental Approaches to Study Mitochondrial Localization and Function of a Nuclear Cell Cycle Kinase, Cdk1

Experimental Approaches to Study Mitochondrial Localization and Function of a Nuclear Cell Cycle Kinase, Cdk1

Published on: February 25, 2016

LINE-1 protein localization and functional dynamics during the cell cycle.

Paolo Mita¹, Aleksandra Wudzinska¹, Xiaoji Sun¹

¹Institute of Systems Genetics (ISG), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, United States.

|January 9, 2018

Summary

LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposons are key to human genome plasticity. This study reveals how L1 proteins enter the nucleus and shows L1 proliferation peaks during S phase, offering new insights into retrotransposition.

Keywords:

LINE-1 MCM proteins PCNA cell biology cell cycle evolutionary biology genomics human retrotransposition retrotransposons virus

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Multi-color Localization Microscopy of Single Membrane Proteins in Organelles of Live Mammalian Cells

Multi-color Localization Microscopy of Single Membrane Proteins in Organelles of Live Mammalian Cells

Published on: June 30, 2018

Area of Science:

Genetics
Molecular Biology
Genomics

Background:

LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposons constitute 17% of the human genome and are the only autonomous retrotransposons driving genomic plasticity.
L1 elements have co-evolved with the human genome, integrating into host cell biology.
The precise lifecycle and regulatory mechanisms of L1 insertion and spread are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the mechanisms of L1 protein nuclear entry, a prerequisite for retrotransposition.
To investigate the cell cycle dependency of L1 retrotransposition.
To provide a framework for understanding L1 ribonucleoprotein complexes and the role of DNA replication.

Main Methods:

Functional assays
Biochemical analyses
Live-cell imaging

Main Results:

Identified distinct pathways for L1 protein translocation into the nucleus.
Demonstrated a significant cell cycle bias for L1 retrotransposition, with a peak during the S phase.
Characterized nuclear and cytoplasmic L1 ribonucleoprotein complexes.

Conclusions:

Nuclear entry of L1 proteins is a critical, regulated step.
L1 retrotransposition is tightly linked to the host cell cycle, particularly DNA replication during S phase.
These findings offer new perspectives on L1 dynamics and host-genome interactions.