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Related Concept Videos

Steps in Outbreak Investigation01:18

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

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In the ever-evolving field of public health, statistical analysis serves as a cornerstone for understanding and managing disease outbreaks. By leveraging various statistical tools, health professionals can predict potential outbreaks, analyze ongoing situations, and devise effective responses to mitigate impact. For that to happen, there are a few possible stages of the analysis:
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment01:08

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

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Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...
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Hepatic Portal System01:21

Hepatic Portal System

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The hepatic portal system, a critical part of our circulatory framework, transports nutrient-laden, deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver. This ingenious system plays an indispensable role in maintaining our body's metabolic equilibrium.
At its core, the hepatic portal vein is the result of a confluence of the superior and inferior mesenteric veins along with the splenic vein. Each of these veins has a unique role. The superior mesenteric vein is...
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow01:26

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

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Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug...
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Hepatic Drug Excretion: Influencing Factors01:16

Hepatic Drug Excretion: Influencing Factors

626
The biliary system of the liver, crucial for bile secretion and drug excretion, comprises intrahepatic bile ducts that merge to form the common hepatic duct. This duct, carrying hepatic bile, combines with the cystic duct, draining the gallbladder and forming the common bile duct, which empties into the duodenum. Bile, produced by hepatic cells lining the bile canaliculi, is composed primarily of water, bile salts, pigments, electrolytes, and lesser amounts of cholesterol and fatty acids. Bile...
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Hepatic Drug Clearance: Role of Transporters01:14

Hepatic Drug Clearance: Role of Transporters

326
In the liver and bile canaliculi, influx and efflux transporters modification can influence intrinsic clearance. Transporters play a significant role in moving drugs within liver cells. Elaborate models, such as the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS), are essential to relate transporters to drug disposition. This system categorizes drugs into four classes based on solubility and permeability, providing insights into elimination routes and the effects of transporters following oral...
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Biocontained Carcass Composting for Control of Infectious Disease Outbreak in Livestock
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CDC provides advice on recent hepatitis A outbreaks.

Doug Campos-Outcalt1

  • 1University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA.

The Journal of Family Practice
|January 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis A virus outbreaks have increased significantly since 2016, with over 1600 cases reported. This review examines outbreak causes and provides vaccine recommendations for prevention.

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The epidemiology of hepatitis A virus (HAV) disease has undergone significant changes.
  • Since July 2016, the United States has experienced 5 large HAV outbreaks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the extent and causes of recent hepatitis A outbreaks.
  • To provide outbreak-specific vaccine recommendations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data from recent hepatitis A outbreaks.
  • Analysis of transmission routes (foodborne and person-to-person).

Main Results:

  • Over 1600 cases of hepatitis A have been reported in 5 large outbreaks since July 2016.
  • Outbreaks involved both foodborne transmission (2 outbreaks) and person-to-person spread (3 outbreaks).

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  • Affected states required assistance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

    • Conclusions:

    • Recent hepatitis A outbreaks represent a significant public health challenge.
    • Understanding transmission dynamics is crucial for effective control.
    • Targeted vaccination strategies are essential for preventing future outbreaks.