Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery
Published on: July 5, 2021
Three-Dimensional Printed Skull Base Simulation for Transnasal Endoscopic Surgical Training.
Jia-Ping Zheng1, Chu-Zhong Li1, Guo-Qiang Chen2
1Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Personalized 3D-printed skull base surgery (SBS) models offer a high-fidelity simulation for training. This practical approach enhances anatomical education and surgical skills for transnasal endoscopic procedures.
Area of Science:
- Neurosurgery
- Medical Simulation
- 3D Printing Technology
Background:
- Transnasal endoscopic skull base surgery (SBS) poses significant challenges for neurosurgeons due to complex anatomy and limited visualization.
- Developing effective training methods is crucial for improving surgical outcomes and patient safety.
Purpose of the Study:
- To design and evaluate a personalized, multimaterial, and multicolor 3D-printed simulation for skull base surgery (SBS) training.
- To assess the fidelity and feasibility of the 3D-printed model for anatomical education and surgical skill development.
Main Methods:
- Personalized 3D models were created from CT and MRI scans of a volunteer using a multimaterial 3D printer.
- Fidelity was assessed by 3 experienced neurosurgeons, and training effectiveness was evaluated by 10 resident trainees using Likert questionnaires.
Main Results:
- The 3D-printed models demonstrated high fidelity in tissue structure representation (mean scores 3.7-4.7).
- Participants reported significant aid in anatomical education (mean scores 3.5-4.9) and surgical training (mean scores 3.5-4.9).
Conclusions:
- 3D-printed SBS simulations are practical, economical, and high-fidelity training tools.
- These models hold substantial potential for enhancing anatomical education and operative training in transnasal endoscopic surgery.
Related Concept Videos
Sutures of the Skull
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
Overview of the Skull
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
Dimensional Analysis
Conversion Factors and Dimensional Analysis
The unit...
Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis
Description
Excess pleural fluid or air may accumulate in some respiratory disorders in the thoracic cavity. To treat pleural effusion, a physician conducts thoracentesis by carefully piercing the chest wall and entering...
Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
During an EGD, the endoscope can be used to:
Endoscopic Procedures II: Colonoscopy

