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Related Concept Videos

Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

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Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
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Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
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Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

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Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
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Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity01:25

Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

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Bioactivation is a metabolic process that transforms less reactive substances into highly reactive metabolites, initiating tissue toxicity. This transformation can lead to various toxic effects, including carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Reactive metabolites are classified into two main types: electrophiles and free radicals.Electrophiles are electron-deficient species and are produced primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P-450 during the metabolism of compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, or...
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Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

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Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
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Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

21
Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...
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An Anaerobic Biosensor Assay for the Detection of Mercury and Cadmium
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Gut as a target for cadmium toxicity.

Alexey A Tinkov1, Viktor A Gritsenko2, Margarita G Skalnaya3

  • 1Yaroslavl State University, Sovetskaya St., 14, Yaroslavl 150000, Russia; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklay St., 10/2, Moscow 117198, Russia; Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, 460008, Russia.

Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
|January 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Cadmium (Cd) exposure disrupts gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function, leading to inflammation and increased permeability. Probiotic therapy shows promise in mitigating these toxic effects.

Keywords:
BacteroidesCadmiumFirmicutesGut microbiotaLipopolysaccharide

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Toxicology
  • Microbiology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal with widespread environmental presence.
  • The gut microbiome and intestinal physiology play crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis.
  • Understanding Cd's impact on the gut is vital for public health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the effects of Cd exposure on gut microbiota and intestinal physiology.
  • To determine if the gut is a primary target organ for Cd toxicity.
  • To explore potential therapeutic strategies against Cd-induced gut damage.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of scientific databases.
  • Analysis of existing studies on Cd exposure and gut health.
  • Synthesis of data regarding changes in microbial composition, gut barrier function, and inflammatory responses.

Main Results:

  • Cd exposure alters gut microbiota composition, increasing the Bacteroidetes-to-Firmicutes ratio and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) production.
  • Cd induces intestinal inflammation, cell damage, and disrupts tight junctions, increasing gut permeability.
  • Impaired gut barrier and increased LPS contribute to endotoxemia and systemic inflammation, potentially increasing infection susceptibility.

Conclusions:

  • The gut is a significant target for Cd toxicity, with dual impacts on microbiota and intestinal integrity.
  • Cd-induced gut dysbiosis and barrier dysfunction exacerbate systemic toxicity.
  • Probiotic interventions demonstrate potential in preventing or mitigating Cd-induced local and systemic toxic effects, alongside other therapies.