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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
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Some materials may easily let electrical charges pass through them, while others obstruct their flow. The former are called conductors and the latter insulators. The atomic structures of materials determine whether they are conductors or insulators of electricity.
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Insulation Coordination01:23

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Insulation coordination is the process of matching electric equipment's insulation strength with protective device characteristics to protect the equipment against expected overvoltages. This selection is based on engineering judgment and cost. Equipment can generally withstand short-duration high transient overvoltages, but repeated tests with identical waveforms can yield inconsistent results. As a result, standard impulse voltage waveforms are used for testing, defined by specific times...
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Thermal Insulation in Masonry Walls

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In hot, dry climates, the thermal mass of masonry walls can be beneficial, absorbing heat during the day and releasing it at night, thereby stabilizing indoor temperatures. However, in most other climates, additional insulation is necessary to enhance thermal resistance.
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Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Single-crystal metal growth on amorphous insulating substrates.

Kai Zhang1, Xue Bai Pitner1, Rui Yang1

  • 1Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|January 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new liquid phase epitaxy method to create single-crystal metal microstructures on insulators. This breakthrough enables high-performance electronic and nanooptical systems by improving crystal quality.

Keywords:
goldliquid phase epitaxymicrocruciblesingle-crystal metalsolid-state diffusion

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Solid State Physics

Background:

  • Metal microstructures on insulators are crucial for electronic and nanooptical devices.
  • Their performance heavily relies on crystal quality, as defects and grain boundaries impact carrier transport and band structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for fabricating patterned single-crystal metal microstructures on amorphous insulating substrates.
  • To enable large-scale integration of high-performance plasmonic and electronic nanosystems.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) with patterned metal microstructures encapsulated in an insulating crucible with a seed material.
  • Heated the system above the metal melting point to induce crystallization, directed by a high-melting-point solid solution formed between the metal and seed.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high yield of single-crystal metal microstructures of various sizes, confirmed by electron backscatter diffraction.
  • Observed unexpected crystallization with the [Formula: see text] direction normal to the film plane.

Conclusions:

  • The developed LPE method successfully produces patterned single-crystal metal microstructures on insulating substrates.
  • This platform technology is vital for advancing integrated plasmonic and electronic nanosystems.