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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord01:26

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The Spinal Cord01:54

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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
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Diffusion01:12

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Diffusion Imaging in the Rat Cervical Spinal Cord
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Optimizing Filter-Probe Diffusion Weighting in the Rat Spinal Cord for Human Translation.

Matthew D Budde1, Nathan P Skinner1,2, L Tugan Muftuler1

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.

Frontiers in Neuroscience
|January 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A new diffusion MRI protocol optimizes spinal cord injury (SCI) detection. This filter-probe diffusion encoding method improves sensitivity to acute axonal damage and functional outcomes in SCI patients.

Keywords:
diffusion tensor imagingdouble diffusion encodingmagnetic resonance imagingspinal cord injury

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Biomarkers
  • Spinal Cord Injury Research

Background:

  • Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) shows promise for spinal cord injury (SCI) but faces translation challenges in humans due to technical limitations and ambiguous metric interpretation.
  • Acute SCI involves both axonal injury and edema, complicating DTI analysis.
  • Novel diffusion MRI techniques like double diffusion encoding (DDE) offer potential for improved detection of SCI-related changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically optimize DDE protocols for SCI detection using simulations and an in vivo rat model.
  • To compare the performance of DDE with single diffusion encoding (SDE) and DTI.
  • To implement and validate an optimized DDE protocol in the healthy human spinal cord.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluation of two DDE approaches (orientationally invariant and filter-probe) in an in vivo rat SCI model.
  • Comparison of the optimized filter-probe DDE with SDE and DTI in spinal cord imaging.
  • Coupling of filter-probe SDE with reduced field of view (rFOV) excitation for SCI rat imaging.
  • Implementation of the optimized protocol in healthy human spinal cords using modified commercial MRI sequences.

Main Results:

  • The filter-probe DDE approach demonstrated greater predictive power for functional outcomes compared to the orientationally invariant DDE.
  • SDE provided comparable contrast to DDE with improved signal-to-noise ratio in the spinal cord.
  • The optimized filter-probe SDE with rFOV provided high-quality spinal cord maps in rats, sensitive to injury severity and free from edema/CSF contamination.
  • Clinically feasible imaging times were achieved in humans, yielding axial diffusivity maps without CSF partial volume effects and comparable variability to DTI.

Conclusions:

  • The optimized filter-probe diffusion MRI protocol effectively mitigates DTI limitations for spinal cord imaging.
  • This advanced diffusion MRI technique enhances the detection of acute axonal damage in injured or diseased spinal cords.
  • The developed protocol shows significant potential for improving the diagnosis and prognosis of acute SCI in clinical settings.