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Related Concept Videos

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There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
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Altered states of consciousness represent significant deviations from one's normal mental state. These deviations can range from subtle changes in awareness to profound transformations in perception, thought processes, and sensory experiences. Altered states of consciousness can be triggered by various factors, including drug use, meditation, hypnosis, illness, or even intense fatigue.
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Sound Intensity00:58

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The loudness of a sound source is related to how energetically the source is vibrating, consequently making the molecules of the propagation medium vibrate. To measure the loudness of a source, the physical quantity of interest is the intensity. This is defined as the energy emitted per unit of time per unit of area perpendicular to the sound wave's propagation direction. Since the total energy is greater if the source vibrates for a longer duration and over a larger area, dividing the...
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Introduction
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Humans perceive sound by hearing. The human ear helps sound waves reach the brain, which then interprets the waves and creates the perception of hearing. The loudness of the environment in which a person is located determines whether they can distinguish between different sound sources.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Impact of High-intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on the Cardiac Troponin T Level at an Early Stage of Training
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Ischemic Preconditioning Does Not Alter Performance in Multidirectional High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise.

Christoph Zinner1,2, Dennis-Peter Born1,3, Billy Sperlich1

  • 1Department of Sport Science, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.

Frontiers in Physiology
|January 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) of the arms or legs did not enhance repeated sprint performance or physiological markers in team-sport athletes. This study found no significant differences compared to a control condition for sprint times or measures of oxygen uptake and heart rate.

Keywords:
agilitychange of directionmuscle oxygen saturationnear-infrared spectroscopyteam sport

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Sports Science
  • Human Performance

Background:

  • Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) research has largely focused on endurance performance.
  • Limited research exists on IPC's acute effects on repeated multidirectional running sprint performance.
  • Understanding IPC's impact on team-sport specific demands is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of leg IPC and remote arm IPC on repeated multidirectional running sprint performance.
  • To assess the influence of IPC on physiological responses during such exercise.

Main Methods:

  • Thirteen moderately-to-well-trained team-sport athletes participated.
  • Athletes performed 16 x 30m all-out sprints with changes-of-direction (COD) after leg IPC, remote arm IPC, or a control condition.
  • Physiological measures including oxygen uptake, heart rate, and muscle oxygen saturation were recorded.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in mean sprint times were observed between leg IPC, remote arm IPC, and the control condition.
  • No statistical differences were found in oxygen uptake, heart rate, or muscle oxygen saturation across the three conditions.
  • Sprint performance and key physiological markers remained unaffected by IPC protocols.

Conclusions:

  • IPC of the legs or arms, applied 45 minutes prior, does not improve repeated multidirectional running sprint performance.
  • IPC does not significantly alter oxygen uptake, heart rate, or muscle oxygen saturation during this type of exercise.
  • Current IPC protocols may not be effective for enhancing acute sprint performance in team-sport athletes.