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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Documentation I: Source-Oriented Records01:18

Methods of Documentation I: Source-Oriented Records

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Source-oriented records, or SOR, are medical record-keeping organized by the data source. The SOR system was first developed in the mid-1900s to organize the growing patient data in hospitals and other healthcare facilities.
In an SOR, each discipline involved in patient care maintains a separate medical record section. This record-keeping method enables easy tracking of patient progress and ensures healthcare staff have access to up-to-date information.
Key Attributes include the following:
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Sinusoidal Sources01:18

Sinusoidal Sources

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Direct current (DC) refers to an electric current that flows in a single direction, maintaining a constant polarity. This is in contrast to alternating current (AC), which periodically changes its direction and magnitude. AC forms the backbone of modern electricity transmission and distribution systems due to its efficient long-distance transmission capabilities.
In homes, the power supplies use sinusoidal sources to provide electricity. These sources generate a voltage that varies sinusoidally...
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AC Sources01:20

AC Sources

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Direct current is a flow of electric charge in only one direction and has a steady state of constant voltage in the circuit. Rectifiers, batteries, commutator-equipped generators, and fuel cells are some examples of devices that generate direct current. Nowadays, most applications use a time-varying voltage source. Alternating current is a flow of electric charge that periodically reverses direction. An alternating current is produced by an alternating emf that is generated in a power plant. If...
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Sources of Law01:26

Sources of Law

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Laws form the essential rules set by governing authorities to shape and control societal behavior. In nursing, laws guide actions, safeguard patient rights, define nurses' scope of practice, and maintain professional standards. Understanding the legal framework governing nursing involves recognizing four primary sources of law: constitutional, statutory, administrative (regulatory), and common law.
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Source Transformation01:15

Source Transformation

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Source transformation is a fundamental technique employed in circuit analysis, offering a valuable tool for simplifying complex electrical circuits. This technique involves the replacement of either a voltage source in series with a resistor by a current source in parallel with a resistor, or vice versa. The key concept here is that when the original sources are deactivated (turned off), the equivalent resistance at the circuit's end terminals remains the same.
It is essential to note that when...
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Multiple Voltage Sources01:25

Multiple Voltage Sources

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Generally, a single battery is not enough to power some devices. In such cases, batteries can be combined in two ways: in series or in parallel.
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High-throughput Assay to Phenotype Salmonella enterica Typhimurium Association, Invasion, and Replication in Macrophages
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Phenotypic and Genotypic Eligible Methods for Salmonella Typhimurium Source Tracking.

Rafaela G Ferrari1,2, Pedro H N Panzenhagen1,2, Carlos A Conte-Junior1,2,3

  • 1Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|January 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Identifying the source of Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) infections is crucial for control. This review examines phenotyping and genotyping methods for accurate ST source attribution, aiding food safety efforts.

Keywords:
CRISPRMLSTMLVAPFGERibotypingWGSantimicrobial resistance profilephage typing

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Area of Science:

  • Foodborne Pathogen Surveillance
  • Microbial Source Tracking
  • Public Health Microbiology

Background:

  • Salmonellosis, caused by *Salmonella enterica* serotype Typhimurium (ST), is a major foodborne illness and cause of gastroenteritis.
  • The rise of multidrug-resistant ST, particularly phage type DT104, necessitates precise source attribution for effective control strategies.
  • Accurate identification of food or animal sources is vital for directing public health interventions against ST outbreaks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and analyze currently suitable subtyping methods for *Salmonella* serotype Typhimurium source attribution.
  • To evaluate the applicability of conventional phenotyping and advanced genotypic methods for ST tracking.
  • To provide insights into selecting appropriate methods based on investigation needs, resources, and available data.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established phenotyping techniques: serotyping, phage typing, and antimicrobial resistance profiling.
  • Analysis of advanced molecular subtyping tools: Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), Multiple-Locus Variable-number tandem repeat Analysis (MLVA), Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST), CRISPR typing, and Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS).
  • Examination of microbial subtyping attribution models, including frequency-matching models (Dutch, Hald, Asymmetric Island).

Main Results:

  • Phenotypic methods serve as initial screening tools, often computed with frequency-matching models.
  • Molecular techniques like WGS offer enhanced precision but still present challenges for complete elucidation.
  • The choice of subtyping method is contingent upon specific investigative goals, available resources, and data.

Conclusions:

  • A combination of phenotyping and genotypic methods may be required for comprehensive ST source attribution.
  • Continued research is needed to address existing gaps and optimize the application of advanced molecular tools.
  • Effective ST source tracking relies on the judicious selection of subtyping methods tailored to the epidemiological context.