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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Equilibria: Systematic Approach to Equilibrium Calculations01:21

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Equilibrium calculations for systems involving multiple equilibria are often complex. For example, to calculate the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt in an aqueous solution in the presence of a common ion, one must consider all the equilibria in this solution. Calculations for these systems can be complicated and tedious, so a systematic approach with a series of steps is often helpful. The process is detailed below.
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Systematic Sampling Method01:17

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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
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The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this...
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In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Quantitative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH and Immunofluorescence IF of Specific Gene Products in KSHV-Infected Cells
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T-cell responses to KSHV infection: a systematic approach.

Romin Roshan1, Nazzarena Labo1, Matthew Trivett1

  • 1AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA.

Oncotarget
|January 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals that individuals infected with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) mount diverse T-cell responses against a wide range of viral antigens, indicating a lack of immunodominance. Researchers developed tools to further KSHV immunology research.

Keywords:
ELISpotKSHVT-cellscell-mediated immunity

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Previous studies on T-cell responses to KSHV (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) were limited by small participant numbers and a narrow focus on specific antigens.
  • A comprehensive understanding of KSHV-specific T-cell immunity is crucial for managing KSHV-associated diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comprehensive analysis of T-cell responses against the entire KSHV proteome.
  • To identify KSHV antigens recognized by T cells in individuals with and without KSHV-associated disease.
  • To develop tools for future KSHV immunology studies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized IFN-γ ELISpot assays to analyze T-cell responses.
  • Screened peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 19 KSHV-associated disease patients and 24 healthy donors against overlapping peptides representing all 82 KSHV open reading frames (ORFs).
  • Employed intracellular cytokine staining and T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing for detailed functional and clonal analysis.

Main Results:

  • Fifty-six out of 82 KSHV ORFs were recognized by at least one participant, with significant variability and little overlap in responses between individuals.
  • All patients and 7/11 seropositive donors showed responses, while some seronegative donors had no detectable responses.
  • Patients recognized more ORFs than donors, but response intensity was similar; multifunctional T-cell responses (IFN-γ, MIP1-β, TNF-α, CD107a degranulation) were observed.

Conclusions:

  • KSHV-infected individuals exhibit diverse T-cell responses to a broad spectrum of KSHV antigens, suggesting a lack of immunodominance.
  • The study established valuable tools, including molecularly cloned KSHV-specific TCRs, for advancing KSHV immunology research.
  • Findings highlight the complexity of KSHV-specific T-cell immunity and its potential role in disease pathogenesis.