Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Irritable Bowel Syndrome II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Irritable Bowel Syndrome II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Evaluation

945
Irritable Bowel Syndrome II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Evaluation
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is classified into subtypes based on the predominant bowel habits as determined by the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS). The subtypes are:
945
Decreasing Function01:27

Decreasing Function

319
A decreasing function describes a relationship where the output consistently declines as the input increases. This means that for any two input values, if one is greater than the other, the corresponding output is smaller. Mathematically, a function f is decreasing on an interval I if for every x1 < x2​ in I, f (x1) > f (x2). This type of behavior is visually identified on a graph that slopes downward from left to right.The nature of a function can be analyzed by calculating...
319
Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

1.1K
A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
1.1K
Decreased pulse rate01:14

Decreased pulse rate

933
Bradycardia is a medical condition in which the heart rate is slower than normal. It occurs when the heart's natural pacemaker, the sinus node, generates slower electrical impulses than the standard rhythm. In adults, bradycardia is diagnosed when the pulse rate falls below 60 beats per minute, indicating a deviation from the normal heart rate range.
There are specific risk factors that can elevate the likelihood of developing bradycardia. Advanced age is a significant factor, with...
933
Bioavailability: Overview01:17

Bioavailability: Overview

485
Bioavailability refers to the proportion of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation in its active, unaltered form. It is a crucial pharmacokinetic parameter that determines the effectiveness of a drug in achieving its intended therapeutic outcomes. The route of administration significantly influences bioavailability, with intravenous administration achieving 100% bioavailability as the drug directly enters the bloodstream. In contrast, oral administration often results in...
485
Bioavailability: Overview01:13

Bioavailability: Overview

4.6K
Bioavailability refers to the proportion of an unaltered drug that, after administration, enters the systemic circulation and can be distributed to the desired action site. Factors such as gastrointestinal (GI) absorption and liver biotransformation influence the bioavailability of a drug when it is administered orally. When a drug is administered intravenously, it enters the systemic circulation directly; by definition, its bioavailability is assumed to be 100%. The bioavailability of an...
4.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

DNA Origami-Based Multivalent Nanobody Display Platform for Potent Neutralization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A.

ACS applied bio materials·2026
Same author

Conserved trans-regulatory logic and evolving cis-modules drive the diversification of inducible diterpenoid biosynthetic gene clusters across the Oryzoideae.

Plant & cell physiology·2026
Same author

Genomic Basis of Lifestyle Divergence in Rice-Associated <i>Burkholderia</i>: From Pathogenesis to Plant Growth Promotion.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same author

Rice Genotype-Dependent Phyllosphere Microbiome Assembly and Isolation of Antagonistic <i>Burkholderia</i> for Sheath Blight Biocontrol.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same author

A structured oral formulation database for machine learning: Uncovering data-informed design strategies to facilitate effective formulation development.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2026
Same author

Bioproduction of ∼10 knt single-stranded DNA for constructing large DNA origami structures.

Materials today. Bio·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

The Caco-2 Cell Bioassay for Measurement of Food Iron Bioavailability
06:34

The Caco-2 Cell Bioassay for Measurement of Food Iron Bioavailability

Published on: April 28, 2022

5.7K

Preparation and Evaluation of Progesterone Nanocrystals to Decrease Muscle Irritation and Improve Bioavailability.

Li Li1, Wanqing Li2, Jianxu Sun1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.

AAPS Pharmscitech
|January 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Progesterone nanocrystals (PG/NCs) offer a safer alternative to oil-based injections (PG/OI) for early pregnancy support. PG/NCs reduce muscle irritation and hemolysis while improving progesterone bioavailability.

Keywords:
LC-MS/MScarotid intubation rat modelmuscle irritationnanocrystals injectionprogesteronerat pharmacokinetics

More Related Videos

Evaluation of Muscle Function of the Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle Ex vivo and Tibialis Anterior Muscle In situ in Mice
14:36

Evaluation of Muscle Function of the Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle Ex vivo and Tibialis Anterior Muscle In situ in Mice

Published on: February 9, 2013

43.7K
Synthesis of Core-shell Lanthanide-doped Upconversion Nanocrystals for Cellular Applications
13:51

Synthesis of Core-shell Lanthanide-doped Upconversion Nanocrystals for Cellular Applications

Published on: November 10, 2017

15.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 15, 2026

The Caco-2 Cell Bioassay for Measurement of Food Iron Bioavailability
06:34

The Caco-2 Cell Bioassay for Measurement of Food Iron Bioavailability

Published on: April 28, 2022

5.7K
Evaluation of Muscle Function of the Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle Ex vivo and Tibialis Anterior Muscle In situ in Mice
14:36

Evaluation of Muscle Function of the Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle Ex vivo and Tibialis Anterior Muscle In situ in Mice

Published on: February 9, 2013

43.7K
Synthesis of Core-shell Lanthanide-doped Upconversion Nanocrystals for Cellular Applications
13:51

Synthesis of Core-shell Lanthanide-doped Upconversion Nanocrystals for Cellular Applications

Published on: November 10, 2017

15.9K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Biomaterials
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Progesterone (PG) is vital for early pregnancy and widely used as an oil-based injection (PG/OI).
  • Long-term PG/OI administration can cause muscle accumulation and irritation.
  • Developing safer and more effective progesterone delivery systems is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize progesterone nanocrystals (PG/NCs) for injection.
  • To evaluate the in vivo safety and pharmacokinetic profile of PG/NCs compared to PG/OI.

Main Methods:

  • PG/NCs were prepared using a wet grinding method.
  • Characterization included particle size, zeta potential, PXRD, DSC, and FTIR.
  • In vivo studies involved rabbit muscle irritation, hemolysis tests, and rat pharmacokinetics.

Main Results:

  • PG/NCs exhibited a mean particle size of 299.5 ± 9.0 nm and zeta potential of -36.8 ± 1.5 mV.
  • No alterations in the crystalline state of progesterone were observed.
  • PG/NCs showed significantly lower muscle irritation and no hemolysis.
  • Pharmacokinetic studies revealed 3.1-3.2 fold higher Cmax and AUC0-t for PG/NCs compared to PG/OI, indicating enhanced bioavailability.

Conclusions:

  • Progesterone nanocrystals (PG/NCs) represent a superior dosage form compared to oil-based injections (PG/OI).
  • PG/NCs demonstrate reduced local toxicity and improved pharmacokinetic properties.
  • This novel formulation holds promise for safer and more effective progesterone therapy.