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Related Concept Videos

Neuronal Communication01:28

Neuronal Communication

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Neurons, the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, communicate through complex electrochemical signals that underpin all cognitive and bodily functions. This communication is primarily facilitated by a process involving the generation and propagation of an action potential along the axon of the neuron. When the internal electrical charge of a neuron surpasses a certain threshold, an action potential is triggered. This rapid change in voltage travels swiftly along the axon to the...
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Axons are long, cytoplasmic processes of nerve cells capable of propagating electrical impulses known as action potentials. The cytoplasm or axoplasm of an axon contains neurofibrils, neurotubules, small vesicles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and various enzymes, all encased within the axolemma, the plasma membrane of the axon.
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Neuron Structure01:30

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Neurons are the main type of cell in the nervous system that generate and transmit electrochemical signals. They primarily communicate with each other using neurotransmitters at specific junctions called synapses. Neurons come in many shapes that often relate to their function, but most share three main structures: an axon and dendrites that extend out from a cell body.
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Postganglionic sympathetic fibers (except those supplying the sweat glands) releasing noradrenaline or norepinephrine are called noradrenergic or adrenergic neurons. Noradrenaline, dopamine, adrenaline, or epinephrine are collectively called "catecholamines" as they contain a catechol moiety and an amine side chain. The five stages of neurotransmitter release involve their synthesis, storage, release, reuptake and metabolism.
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Cholinergic neurotransmission involves the synthesis and the release of acetylcholine (ACh) in order to transmit nerve impulses across the synapse. The process begins with the synthesis of acetyl CoA, a precursor for ACh, from ATP, acetate, and coenzyme A in the mitochondria. Choline, another vital precursor, is transported inside the neuron through choline transporters, including high-affinity choline transporter CHT1, low-affinity choline transporter CTL1, and lower-affinity choline...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Murine Model of Epicutaneously-Induced Immunomodulation
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Microbiome, Immunomodulation, and the Neuronal System.

Eric Marietta1,2, Irina Horwath1, Veena Taneja3,4

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

Neurotherapeutics : the Journal of the American Society for Experimental Neurotherapeutics
|January 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The gut microbiome influences immune system development and intestinal health. Imbalances in gut bacteria (dysbiosis) can compromise the gut barrier, leading to inflammation and potentially affecting the nervous system.

Keywords:
DysbiosisImmunomodulationIntestinalMicrobiomeNeuronal

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Vertebrates host diverse bacteria on mucosal surfaces, especially the intestine.
  • Diet significantly shapes intestinal microbiome composition.
  • Intestinal bacteria play crucial roles in immune system development and maintaining gut tolerance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of the intestinal microbiome in maintaining epithelial integrity.
  • To understand how gut bacteria metabolites influence colonic health and immune function.
  • To investigate the gut-brain-immune system axis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria in vertebrates.
  • Assessment of intestinal microbiome composition and its influencing factors.
  • Evaluation of epithelial integrity and its relation to microbial balance.

Main Results:

  • Healthy microbiota establish epithelial integrity, while dysbiosis compromises it, allowing systemic inflammation.
  • Intestinal commensals metabolize dietary substrates, producing short-chain fatty acids vital for colonic health.
  • Gut bacteria produce neuroactive molecules, suggesting a link between gut health and nervous system function.

Conclusions:

  • The intestinal microbiome is critical for maintaining gut barrier function and immune homeostasis.
  • Dysbiosis can lead to compromised epithelial integrity, systemic inflammation, and may be linked to nervous system disorders.
  • Cross-talk between the gut, immune, and nervous systems is mediated by the microbiome.