Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
Published on: March 19, 2017
Incorporating 4-tert-Butylpyridine in an Antisolvent: A Facile Approach to Obtain Highly Efficient and Stable
Ya-Han Wu1, Xiao-Qiang Shi1, Xi-Hong Ding1
1Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-Film Solar Cells, North China Electric Power University , Beijing 102206, China.
Abstract:
The synthesis and growth of CH3NH3PbI3 films with controlled nucleation is a key issue for the high efficiency and stability of solar cells. Here, 4-tert-butylpyridine (tBP) was introduced into a CH3NH3PbI3 antisolvent to obtain high quality perovskite layers. In situ optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction patterns were used to prove that tBP significantly suppressed perovskite nucleation by forming an intermediate phase. In addition, a gradient perovskite structure was obtained by this method, which greatly improved the efficiency and stability of perovskites. An effective power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.41% was achieved via the tBP treatment, and the high-efficiency device could maintain over 89% of the initial PCE after 30 days at room temperature.
Related Concept Videos
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors
Piaget's Stage 4 of Cognitive Development
Abstract Reasoning and Hypothetical-Deductive Thinking
Unlike the concrete operational...
Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction
Amide reduction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent, acting as a source of hydride ions. As shown in the figure, the reaction is initiated with a nucleophilic attack by the hydride ion at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate.
Frustration and Conflict: Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance
One common type of conflict is the Approach–Approach Conflict. In this case, a person faces two desirable...
Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
Production Efficiency

