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Related Concept Videos

IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

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There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
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NMR spectrometers consist of a strong magnet, a radiofrequency transmitter, and a detector attached to a computer console for recording spectra of samples containing NMR-active nuclei. In first-generation NMR instruments called continuous-wave spectrometers, the resonance frequencies of the nuclei are determined by frequency-sweep or field-sweep methods. The magnetic field strength is fixed and the rf signal is swept in the former, while the radiofrequency signal is fixed and the magnetic field...
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The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell.
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NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

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A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
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When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
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Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multichannel Extracellular Recording for Studying Neuronal Activity in Freely Moving Mice
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Multichannel spectrometers in animals.

Thomas W Cronin1, Missael Garcia, Viktor Gruev

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Area of Science:

  • Biomimicry and Bioinspired Engineering
  • Visual System Neuroscience
  • Multichannel Imaging Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Current multichannel imaging spectrometers are often bulky and not field-robust.
  • Biological visual systems have evolved compact, robust multichannel imaging capabilities over millennia.
  • Animal eyes offer novel design concepts for engineered imaging systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review diverse animal multichannel visual systems for bioinspiration.
  • To explore receptor molecules, spectral tuning, and processing in animal vision.
  • To present mantis shrimp eyes as models for biomimetic imaging systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of vertebrate and invertebrate visual systems.
  • Analysis of spectral sensitivity, receptor cells, and neural processing.
  • Description of a novel bioinspired spectral/polarimetric imaging system.

Main Results:

  • Animal vision systems exhibit diverse strategies for multichannel spectral and polarimetric sensing.
  • Mantis shrimp eyes serve as a promising model for advanced imaging system design.
  • A new bioinspired imaging system based on mantis shrimp vision has been developed.

Conclusions:

  • Evolutionary innovations in animal vision can inspire solutions for engineered imaging.
  • Bioinspired multichannel imaging systems offer adaptability for field applications.
  • Mantis shrimp vision provides a blueprint for robust, compact spectral/polarimetric imagers.