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Statistical Significance01:50

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Once data is collected from both the experimental and the control groups, a statistical analysis is conducted to find out if there are meaningful differences between the two groups. A statistical analysis determines how likely any difference found is due to chance (and thus not meaningful). In psychology, group differences are considered meaningful, or significant, if the odds that these differences occurred by chance alone are 5 percent or less. Stated another way, if we repeated this...
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When we take repeated measurements on the same or replicated samples, we will observe inconsistencies in the magnitude. These inconsistencies are called errors. To categorize and characterize these results and their errors, the researcher can use statistical analysis to determine the quality of the measurements and/or suitability of the methods.
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The F-test is used to compare two sample variances to each other or compare the sample variance to the population variance. It is used to decide whether an indeterminate error can explain the difference in their values. The underlying assumptions that allow the use of the F-test include the data set or sets are normally distributed, and the data sets are independent of each other. The test statistic F is calculated by dividing one variance by another. In other words, the square of one standard...
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Nonparametric statistics offer a powerful alternative to traditional parametric methods, useful when assumptions about the population distribution cannot be made. Unlike parametric tests, which require data to follow a specific distribution with well-defined parameters (such as the mean and standard deviation), nonparametric tests do not require such constraints. This makes them particularly valuable when dealing with small sample sizes, skewed data, or ordinal and categorical variables.
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Statistical Modelling of Cortical Connectivity Using Non-invasive Electroencephalograms
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Cancer statistics, 2018.

Rebecca L Siegel1, Kimberly D Miller2, Ahmedin Jemal3

  • 1Strategic Director, Surveillance Information Services, Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.

CA: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians
|January 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cancer incidence remained stable in women and declined in men, while cancer death rates decreased significantly for both sexes. However, racial disparities in cancer mortality persist, particularly among younger adults, likely due to healthcare access issues.

Keywords:
cancer casescancer statisticsdeath ratesincidencemortality

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • The American Cancer Society provides annual estimates for cancer incidence and mortality in the US.
  • Data collection involves multiple national registries, including SEER, NPCR, NAACCR, and NCHS.
  • Cancer remains a leading cause of death, with ongoing monitoring of trends and disparities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the latest cancer statistics for incidence, mortality, and survival in the United States.
  • To analyze trends in cancer rates over the past decade.
  • To examine racial disparities in cancer mortality, particularly among different age groups.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized incidence data from 2005-2014 and mortality data from 2006-2015.
  • Analyzed data from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program, National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR), North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR), and National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).
  • Calculated incidence and mortality rates, and death rate ratios (DRR) to compare racial groups.

Main Results:

  • Projected 1,735,350 new cancer cases and 609,640 deaths in 2018.
  • Cancer incidence rates were stable in women and declined 2% annually in men (2005-2014).
  • Cancer death rates declined 1.5% annually in both sexes (2006-2015), with a 26% total decrease since 1991.
  • In 2015, cancer death rates were 14% higher in non-Hispanic blacks (NHBs) than non-Hispanic whites (NHWs).
  • Racial disparities were more pronounced in younger adults (<65 years) compared to older adults (≥65 years).
  • Significant state-level variations in racial disparities were observed, with NHBs experiencing higher rates in many states for younger populations.

Conclusions:

  • The overall cancer death rate has significantly declined, representing substantial progress.
  • Persistent racial disparities in cancer mortality, especially in younger populations, highlight inequities.
  • Reduced access to high-quality healthcare is a likely contributor to these observed racial inequalities.