Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

23.3K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
23.3K
Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

8.9K
Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
8.9K
Water: A Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base02:30

Water: A Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base

59.4K
The reaction between a Brønsted-Lowry acid and water is called acid ionization. For example, when hydrogen fluoride dissolves in water and ionizes, protons are transferred from hydrogen fluoride molecules to water molecules, yielding hydronium ions and fluoride ions:
59.4K
Pharmaceutical Equivalents01:26

Pharmaceutical Equivalents

209
As defined by regulatory standards, pharmaceutical equivalents require generic drug products to have identical dosage forms and chemically identical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). They must adhere to compendial or applicable standards for potency, content uniformity, disintegration times, and dissolution rates. In the case of modified-release dosage forms, variations in drug content are permissible as long as the delivered amount remains consistent with the innovator drug product.
209
Equivalent Capacitance01:19

Equivalent Capacitance

2.2K
Multiple capacitors can be connected in a circuit in series or parallel configuration. When the capacitor combination is connected to a battery, the potential drop across each capacitor and the magnitude of charge stored in the individual capacitor depends on the type of the connection. The capacitor combination is replaced by a single equivalent capacitor that stores the same amount of charge as the combination for a given potential difference.
The following strategies are adopted to calculate...
2.2K
Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

30.1K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
30.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Practical application of setting up an annual Contamination Control Strategy (CCS) assessment.

PDA journal of pharmaceutical science and technology·2025
Same author

The development and acceptability of an educational and training intervention for recruiters to neonatal trials: the TRAIN project.

BMC medical research methodology·2023
Same author

A comparative study of rectal volume variation in patients with prostate cancer: A tertiary care center study.

Radiography (London, England : 1995)·2023
Same author

Comparative in vitro evaluation of remaining dentine thickness following instrumentation with hand and rotary endodontic files during pulpectomy in primary molars: a systematic review.

European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry·2022
Same author

Exogenous β-cyclocitral treatment primes tomato plants against drought by inducing tolerance traits, independent of abscisic acid.

Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)·2020
Same author

Pelvic organ motion and dosimetric implications during horizontal patient rotation for prostate radiation therapy.

Medical physics·2020

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Dosimetry for Cell Irradiation using Orthovoltage 40-300 kV X-Ray Facilities
06:51

Dosimetry for Cell Irradiation using Orthovoltage 40-300 kV X-Ray Facilities

Published on: February 20, 2021

5.6K

A simple model for transit dosimetry based on a water equivalent EPID.

S Deshpande1,2, S J Blake1,3, A Xing1

  • 1Liverpool and Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centres and Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia.

Medical Physics
|January 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel transit dosimetry system using a water equivalent electronic portal imaging device (WE-EPID) and treatment planning system (TPS) for accurate in vivo dose verification. The developed model confirms TPS dose calculations, enhancing treatment safety.

Keywords:
in vivo dosimetrytransit dosimetrywater equivalent EPID

More Related Videos

Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator
07:31

Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator

Published on: May 9, 2014

12.2K
A Simple Critical-sized Femoral Defect Model in Mice
09:41

A Simple Critical-sized Femoral Defect Model in Mice

Published on: March 15, 2015

15.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Dosimetry for Cell Irradiation using Orthovoltage 40-300 kV X-Ray Facilities
06:51

Dosimetry for Cell Irradiation using Orthovoltage 40-300 kV X-Ray Facilities

Published on: February 20, 2021

5.6K
Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator
07:31

Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator

Published on: May 9, 2014

12.2K
A Simple Critical-sized Femoral Defect Model in Mice
09:41

A Simple Critical-sized Femoral Defect Model in Mice

Published on: March 15, 2015

15.8K

Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Radiotherapy Physics

Background:

  • In vivo dose verification is crucial for ensuring accurate radiation delivery in cancer treatment.
  • Standard electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs) have complex dose responses that introduce uncertainties.
  • A water equivalent EPID (WE-EPID) offers a more direct measure of dose, simplifying verification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a novel transit dosimetry system for in vivo dose verification.
  • To implement a system using a WE-EPID and a conventional treatment planning system (TPS).
  • To verify the accuracy of TPS dose calculations at the EPID plane in transit geometry.

Main Methods:

  • A standard amorphous silicon EPID was modified into a WE-EPID using a water-equivalent x-ray converter.
  • A clinical TPS was used with an "extended phantom" concept for dose calculation at the EPID plane.
  • Measurements using a 2D ion chamber array (ICA) and the WE-EPID were compared with TPS calculations for various clinical fields.

Main Results:

  • TPS dose calculations agreed with measured doses from the ICA and WE-EPID within 1.5% for basic tests.
  • Maximum dose profile differences were 2.5% for large fields (25x25 cm²).
  • Gamma evaluations showed >90% agreement (2%/2mm) between WE-EPID/ICA measurements and TPS calculations for clinical fields.

Conclusions:

  • A new, accurate transit dose verification method utilizing a WE-EPID and commercial TPS has been demonstrated.
  • Experimental confirmation of TPS dose calculation accuracy at the EPID plane was achieved.
  • This model offers direct verification of delivered doses, reducing uncertainties associated with standard EPID modeling.