Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Controlled Cervical Laceration Injury in Mice

Controlled Cervical Laceration Injury in Mice

Published on: May 9, 2013

Characteristics of Cervical Spine Motion in Different Types of Cervical Alignment: Kinematic MRI Study

Kittipong Sessumpun^1,2, Permsak Paholpak^1,3, Kevork N Hindoyan¹

¹Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.

Clinical Spine Surgery

|January 10, 2018

Abstract

Study Design:

Retrospective study.

Objective:

To evaluate how each type of sagittal cervical alignment affects the motion of the upper and subaxial cervical spine using kinematic magnetic resonance imaging.

Summary Of Background Data:

The sagittal malalignment of the cervical spine from degeneration in the subaxial cervical spine reflects a disruption in the kinematic properties of the cervical spine and affects the motion of adjacent segments. Changes in the sagittal parameters and kinematics of the upper cervical spine and upper thoracic spine due to the kyphosis are unknown.

Methods:

Kinematic magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine in neutral position from 311 patients, including 90 lordotic, 90 straight, 90 global kyphotic, and 41 segmental kyphotic were analyzed. The lordotic angle at the upper and lower cervical spine, and T1 slope were measured in the neutral position and again in flexion and extension for dynamic analysis.

Results:

The number of levels with significant disk degeneration was higher in the global kyphosis group. In the global kyphosis group, neutral sagittal parameters showed some characteristics of compensation to the malalignment. Compared with the lordotic group, patients with global kyphosis demonstrated significantly higher lordotic angle of the upper cervical spine and more horizontal T1 slope. The dynamic evaluation showed greater range of motion of the entire cervical spine and subaxial cervical spine in younger patients. However, we still found greater range of motion of the occipito-atlanto-axial complex in global kyphosis, even when controlling for age and number of levels with significant disk degeneration.

Conclusion:

Sagittal malalignment of the cervical spine affects all parts of the cervical motion complex. The global kyphotic alignment of subaxial cervical spine affects the kinematic properties of the occipito-atlanto-axial complex and upper thoracic spine to compensate for the alteration of cervical alignment. These differences are not seen in straight and segmental kyphosis.

Level Of Evidence:

Level 3.

More Related Videos

Diffusion Imaging in the Rat Cervical Spinal Cord

Diffusion Imaging in the Rat Cervical Spinal Cord

Published on: April 7, 2015

Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion in the Ovine Model

Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion in the Ovine Model

Published on: October 5, 2009

Related Concept Videos

Characteristics of Simple Harmonic Motion

Characteristics of Simple Harmonic Motion

The key characteristic of the simple harmonic motion is that the acceleration of the system and, therefore, the net force are proportional to the displacement and act in the opposite direction to the displacement. Additionally, the period and frequency of a simple harmonic oscillator are independent of its amplitude. For example, diving boards move faster or slower based on their thickness. A stiff, thick diving board has a large force constant, which causes it to have a smaller period, while a...

Imaging Studies I: CT and MRI

Imaging Studies I: CT and MRI

Introduction: MRI and CT scans are crucial advancements in medical imaging techniques, playing a vital role in diagnosing conditions related to the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Each scan serves distinct purposes, targets specific areas, and requires unique nursing duties.
Description of the Procedures
Computed Tomography (CT) scan:
Computed Tomography (CT) scans use X-ray technology to generate detailed images of bones, organs, and tissues. During the scan, the patient lies on a moving table...

Characteristics of Life

Characteristics of Life

Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. The field's scope is extensive and divided into several specialized disciplines, such as anatomy, physiology, ethology, genetics, and many more. All living things share a few key traits, including cellular organization, heritable genetic material and the ability to adapt/evolve, metabolism to regulate energy needs, the...

Kinematic Equations - I

Kinematic Equations - I

When an object moves with constant acceleration, the velocity of the object changes at a constant rate throughout the motion. The kinematic equations of motions are derived for such cases where the acceleration of the object is constant. The first kinematic equation gives an insight into the relationship between velocity, acceleration, and time. We can see, for example:

Kinematic Equations - II

Kinematic Equations - II

The second kinematic equation expresses the final position of an object in terms of its initial position, the distance traveled with the initial constant velocity, and the distance traveled due to a change in velocity. Similar to the first kinematic equation, this equation is also only valid when the acceleration is constant throughout the motion of an object.
Suppose a car merges into freeway traffic on a 200 m long ramp. If its initial velocity is 10 m/s and it accelerates at 2 m/s2, then the...

Kinematic Equations for Rotation

Kinematic Equations for Rotation

In mechanics, when one observes a rigid body in rotational motion with constant angular acceleration, it is possible to establish equations for its rotational kinematics. This process resembles how linear kinematics are dealt with in simpler motion studies.
For instance, imagine a point A on a rigid body engaged in circular motion. The translational velocity of this particular point can be calculated by taking the time derivatives of the displacement equation, which essentially measures the...

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Surgeon Preferences Worldwide in Wound Drain Utilization in Open Lumbar Fusion Surgery for Degenerative Pathologies.

Global spine journal·2023

The Effect of Hyperlipidemia as a Risk Factor on Postoperative Complications in Patients Undergoing Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion.

Clinical spine surgery·2023

Nationwide Analysis of Sacroiliac Joint Fusion Trends: Regional Variations in Utilization and Population Characteristics.

Global spine journal·2023

Association of Hyperlipidemia With Perioperative Complications in Posterior Cervical Spine Fusion: A Comparative Retrospective Study.

Clinical spine surgery·2023

Complication Rates and Utilization Trends of 3-Level Posterior Column Osteotomy Compared to Single-Level Pedicle Subtraction Osteotomy.

Neurospine·2023

Global Coronal Malalignment in Degenerative Lumbar Scoliosis and Priority-Matching Correction Technique to Prevent Postoperative Coronal Decompensation.

Global spine journal·2023

See all related articles