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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
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All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Galectin-3 and cancer stemness.

Pratima Nangia-Makker1,2, Victor Hogan1, Avraham Raz1,2,3

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Galectin-3, a unique protein, regulates tumor progression and metastasis. This review explores its role in cancer stemness, highlighting potential as a marker and therapeutic target.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Galectin-3 is a carbohydrate-binding protein involved in tumor progression and metastasis.
  • Its structure enables interactions with various molecules, influencing signaling pathways.
  • Cancer stem cells (CSCs) drive tumor heterogeneity, recurrence, and metastasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the regulatory functions of galectin-3 in cancer stemness.
  • To explore galectin-3's potential as a CSC marker.
  • To investigate galectin-3 as a therapeutic target.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on galectin-3 and cancer stemness.
  • Analysis of galectin-3's structure-function relationship.
  • Evaluation of signaling pathways regulated by galectin-3.

Main Results:

  • Galectin-3 influences CSC-associated phenotypes like self-renewal and drug resistance.
  • Evidence suggests galectin-3 plays a role in CSC signaling pathways.
  • Galectin-3's functions are linked to epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stemness.

Conclusions:

  • Galectin-3 significantly impacts cancer stemness and related phenotypes.
  • Galectin-3 shows promise as a biomarker for CSCs.
  • Targeting galectin-3 may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer.