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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Published on: February 13, 2021
Developing Drugs for Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: What Have We Learned From Clinical Trials?
Markus Hinder1, B Alexander Yi2, Thomas H Langenickel1
1Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Translational Medicine, Basel, Switzerland.
Abstract:
There remains a large unmet need for new therapies in the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). In the early drug development phase, the therapeutic potential of a drug is not yet fully understood and trial endpoints other than mortality are needed to guide drug development decisions. While a true surrogate marker for mortality in heart failure (HF) remains elusive, the successes and failures of previous trials can reveal markers that support clinical Go/NoGo decisions.
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