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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Calbindin D28k-Immunoreactivity in Human Enteric Neurons.

Katharina Zetzmann1, Johanna Strehl2, Carol Geppert3

  • 1Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Krankenhausstraße 9, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany. katharina.zetzmann@gmx.de.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|January 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Calbindin (CALB) marks specific human enteric neurons, primarily in the submucosa, often co-expressing calretinin and VIP. While linked to myenteric type III neurons, CALB is not an exclusive marker for them.

Keywords:
calcium binding proteincalretininenteric nervous systemmorphologymyenteric plexussubmucosal plexus

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunohistochemistry

Background:

  • Calbindin (CALB) is a known marker for intrinsic primary afferent neurons in guinea pig gut.
  • Its expression in human enteric neurons is documented, but specific neuronal subtypes remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the proportion of CALB-expressing neurons in human small and large intestines.
  • To investigate the colocalization of CALB with calretinin (CALR), somatostatin (SOM), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).
  • To characterize the morphology of CALB-positive neurons.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of whole-mount preparations from small and large intestines of 26 human tumor patients.
  • Immunohistochemical staining for CALB, CALR, SOM, and VIP.
  • Morphological classification of CALB-positive neurons.

Main Results:

  • CALB-positive neurons were a minority in the myenteric plexus (25-31%) but a majority in the submucosa (72-95%).
  • In the submucosa, CALB neurons frequently co-expressed CALR and VIP (69-80%) or SOM (20-3%).
  • In the myenteric plexus, 85% of CALB neurons did not co-stain with other markers. A correlation was found between CALB and myenteric type III neurons (small intestine).

Conclusions:

  • CALB is a significant marker for submucosal neurons, often co-expressing CALR and VIP.
  • CALB is not a exclusive marker for myenteric type III neurons due to its presence in other neuronal populations.