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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Adaptation of a Haptic Robot in a 3T fMRI
Published on: October 4, 2011
Operator dynamics for stability condition in haptic and teleoperation system: A survey
Hongbing Li1, Lei Zhang2, Kenji Kawashima3
1Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, and Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai, China.
Background:
Currently, haptic systems ignore the varying impedance of the human hand with its countless configurations and thus cannot recreate the complex haptic interactions. The literature does not reveal a comprehensive survey on the methods proposed and this study is an attempt to bridge this gap.
Methods:
The paper includes an extensive review of human arm impedance modeling and control deployed to address inherent stability and transparency issues in haptic interaction and teleoperation systems.
Results:
Detailed classification and comparative study of various contributions in human arm modeling are presented and summarized in tables and diagrams.
Conclusion:
The main challenges in modeling human arm impedance for haptic robotic applications are identified. The possible future research directions are outlined based on the gaps identified in the survey.
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