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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
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Physical activity levels are low in the days, weeks, and months following dysvascular major lower limb amputation.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Chemical Amputation and Regeneration of the Pharynx in the Planarian Schmidtea mediterranea
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Syme Amputation: A Systematic Review.

Rudwina Braaksma1, Pieter U Dijkstra1,2, Jan H B Geertzen1

  • 11 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands.

Foot & Ankle International
|January 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Syme amputation outcomes show good results in children with few complications and high prosthesis use. Adult outcomes reveal more complications but successful prosthesis integration for most patients.

Keywords:
Symeamputationankle disarticulationoutcome studies

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Prosthetics

Background:

  • Patient outcomes after lower extremity amputation are crucial for decision-making.
  • A systematic review on Syme amputation outcomes was lacking.
  • This study focuses on outcomes following Syme amputation using the ICF model.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of patient-related outcomes after Syme amputation.
  • To categorize outcomes based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) model.
  • To analyze outcomes related to body structures, functions, activities, and participation.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search conducted.
  • Studies selected through a two-step process by independent assessors.
  • Included studies focused on Syme amputation and patient-related outcomes.

Main Results:

  • 36 studies involving 1056 patients (238 children, 818 adults) were analyzed.
  • Children experienced fewer complications (e.g., skin, bone issues) and no reamputations; 69% participated in sports.
  • Adults reported higher rates of skin problems, ulceration, pain, and reamputations (20%), yet 68% were fitted with prostheses.

Conclusions:

  • Syme amputation in children yields favorable outcomes with minimal complications and good daily life participation.
  • Adults undergoing Syme amputation face more challenges, including higher reamputation rates, but generally achieve successful prosthesis use.
  • The findings highlight the importance of understanding specific outcomes for effective patient management and rehabilitation planning.