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Related Concept Videos

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
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Apoptotic Regulatory T Cells Retain Suppressive Function through Adenosine.

Ulf H Beier1

  • 1Division of Nephrology and Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Cell Metabolism
|January 11, 2018
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Summary

Regulatory T cells prevent autoimmunity but can suppress anti-cancer immunity. Researchers found these cells use adenosine, even after death, to inhibit immune responses against tumors.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cancer research
  • Cell biology

Background:

  • Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial for immune tolerance and preventing autoimmunity.
  • However, Tregs can suppress anti-cancer immune responses, limiting therapeutic efficacy.
  • Understanding Treg suppressive mechanisms is vital for improving cancer treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms by which regulatory T cells suppress anti-cancer immunity.
  • To determine if cell death influences the suppressive function of regulatory T cells.
  • To identify key molecules involved in regulatory T cell-mediated immunosuppression in cancer.

Main Methods:

  • The study involved analyzing regulatory T cell function in the context of cancer.
  • Researchers examined the role of adenosine as a mediator of regulatory T cell suppressive activity.
  • Experiments assessed the impact of regulatory T cell death on their immunosuppressive capabilities.

Main Results:

  • Regulatory T cells utilize the nucleoside adenosine to exert their suppressive functions.
  • This suppressive mechanism remains active even after regulatory T cell death.
  • Adenosine released by dead Tregs contributes to immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment.

Conclusions:

  • Regulatory T cells employ adenosine, even post-mortem, to inhibit anti-cancer immune responses.
  • Targeting adenosine-mediated suppression by Tregs could enhance cancer immunotherapy.
  • These findings offer novel insights into Treg function and potential therapeutic strategies in oncology.