Postmitotic nuclear pore assembly proceeds by radial dilation of small membrane openings

The nuclear envelope has to be reformed after mitosis to create viable daughter cells with closed nuclei. How membrane sealing of DNA and assembly of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are achieved and coordinated is poorly understood. Here, we reconstructed nuclear membrane topology and the structures of assembling NPCs in a correlative 3D EM time course of dividing human cells. Our quantitative ultrastructural analysis shows that nuclear membranes form from highly fenestrated ER sheets whose holes progressively shrink. NPC precursors are found in small membrane holes and dilate radially during assembly of the inner ring complex, forming thousands of transport channels within minutes. This mechanism is fundamentally different from that of interphase NPC assembly and explains how mitotic cells can rapidly establish a closed nuclear compartment while making it transport competent.