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Related Concept Videos

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation

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Thermal cycloadditions are reactions where the source of activation energy needed to initiate the reaction is provided in the form of heat. A typical example of a thermally-allowed cycloaddition is the Diels–Alder reaction, which is a [4 + 2] cycloaddition. In contrast, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition is thermally forbidden.
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Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation01:12

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation

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Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
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Reaction Yield02:22

Reaction Yield

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The theoretical yield of a reaction is the amount of product estimated to form based on the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation. The theoretical yield assumes the complete conversion of the limiting reactant into the desired product. The amount of product that is obtained by performing the reaction is called the actual yield, and it may be less than or (very rarely) equal to the theoretical yield.
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Enthalpies of Reaction03:33

Enthalpies of Reaction

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Hess’s law can be used to determine the enthalpy change of any reaction if the corresponding enthalpies of formation of the reactants and products are available. The main reaction may be divided into stepwise reactions : (i) decompositions of the reactants into their component elements, for which the enthalpy changes are proportional to the negative of the enthalpies of formation of the reactants, −ΔHf°(reactants), followed by (ii) re-combinations of the elements (obtained in step 1) to...
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Reaction Stoichiometry02:57

Reaction Stoichiometry

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A balanced chemical equation provides a great deal of information in a very succinct format. Chemical formulas provide the identities of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change, allowing classification of the reaction. Coefficients provide the relative numbers of these chemical species, allowing a quantitative assessment of the relationships between the amounts of substances consumed and produced by the reaction. These quantitative relationships are known as the reaction’s...
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Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions02:17

Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

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Synthesis and decomposition are two types of redox reactions. Synthesis means to make something, whereas decomposition means to break something. The reactions are accompanied by chemical and energy changes. 
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Synthesis of Substrate-Bound Au Nanowires Via an Active Surface Growth Mechanism
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Same Substrate, Many Reactions: Oxygen Activation in Flavoenzymes.

Elvira Romero1, J Rubén Gómez Castellanos2, Giovanni Gadda3

  • 1Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands.

Chemical Reviews
|January 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Flavin-dependent enzymes control oxygen reactions by modulating cofactor reactivity. This review details how flavin-dependent oxidases and monooxygenases activate molecular oxygen (O2) through specific enzyme active site architectures and intermediates.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Enzymology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Organisms have evolved strategies to manage abundant dioxygen (O2).
  • Oxygen-utilizing enzymes regulate O2 reactions by modulating cofactor reactivity.
  • Flavins are versatile cofactors involved in redox reactions, alternating between oxidized and reduced states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the state of the art on the molecular basis of O2 activation by flavin-dependent enzymes.
  • To analyze O2 access to flavin cofactors within protein matrices.
  • To explore O2 activation mechanisms in flavin-dependent oxidases and monooxygenases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on flavin enzymology and O2 activation.
  • Analysis of O2 transport pathways to flavin cofactors.
  • Examination of flavin intermediates in O2 activation by oxidases and monooxygenases.

Main Results:

  • Oxidases use O2 as an electron acceptor, producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
  • Monooxygenases form flavin intermediates to insert oxygen atoms into substrates.
  • Specific enzyme active site architectures facilitate O2 activation and modulate flavin reactivity.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding O2 activation by flavin-dependent enzymes is crucial for controlling biological redox reactions.
  • Enzyme active site design plays a key role in directing O2 reactivity and substrate modification.
  • Further research into flavin enzymology can unlock new applications in biocatalysis and medicine.