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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
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Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

DNA Electrophoresis Using Thiazole Orange Instead of Ethidium Bromide or Alternative Dyes
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PIGMENTATION IN THE ORANGE TUNICATE, ECTEINASCIDIA TURBINATA.

Timothy A Lyerla, Joann H Lyerla, Marilyn Fisher

    The Biological Bulletin
    |January 12, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    The orange pigment in Ecteinascidia turbinata eggs and embryos are carotenoids. Mantle pigment differs, showing unique chemical properties and ultrastructural tubular subunits, possibly originating from blood cells.

    Area of Science:

    • Marine Biology
    • Biochemistry
    • Cell Biology

    Background:

    • Ecteinascidia turbinata, a marine tunicate, exhibits distinct orange pigmentation in various tissues.
    • Understanding the chemical nature and origin of biological pigments is crucial for ecological and evolutionary studies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To chemically characterize the orange pigments in Ecteinascidia turbinata eggs, embryos, and mantle tissue.
    • To investigate the ultrastructural features of pigment masses in the mantle.
    • To elucidate the potential origin of the mantle pigment.

    Main Methods:

    • Spectrophotometric analysis of pigment solubility and absorbance.
    • Chemical stability tests (boiling, pH changes).
    • Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for ultrastructural examination of pigment bodies.

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    Main Results:

    • Egg and embryo pigment identified as carotenoids, solubilized in yolk platelets.
    • Mantle pigment is non-carotenoid, soluble in organic-aqueous systems, and stable to heat and pH.
    • Mantle pigment exhibits a strong UV absorbance peak at 360 nm.
    • Ultrastructurally, mantle pigment bodies consist of parallel tubular subunits (500-600 Å diameter).
    • Mantle pigment bodies are embedded in fibrillar material within membrane-bound areas, sometimes containing degenerate nuclei.

    Conclusions:

    • The pigment in eggs/embryos differs significantly from the mantle pigment in Ecteinascidia turbinata.
    • Mantle pigment's unique chemical and ultrastructural properties suggest a non-carotenoid origin.
    • The pigment bodies' association with fibrillar material and potential degenerate nuclei suggests a possible derivation from specialized blood cells that have lost their typical cellular morphology.