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A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics for Nonexperts

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Mineralized trichomes in Boraginales: complex microscale heterogeneity and simple phylogenetic patterns.

Adeel Mustafa¹, Hans-Jürgen Ensikat¹, Maximilian Weigend¹

¹Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.

Annals of Botany

|January 12, 2018

Summary

Plant trichomes in Boraginales exhibit diverse biomineralization patterns, with calcium phosphate acting as a functional analog to silica. These complex chemical and phylogenetic patterns reveal evolutionary constraints on trichome structure and function.

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Area of Science:

Plant biology
Biomineralization
Phylogenetics

Background:

Boraginales trichomes are typically mineralized, offering defense against herbivores.
Silica and calcium carbonate are common, but calcium phosphate is an emerging biomineral in plant trichomes.
This study explores detailed mineralization patterns and their phylogenetic significance in Boraginales.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate detailed biomineralization patterns across 42 Boraginales species.
To identify the presence and distribution of silica, calcium carbonate, and calcium phosphate.
To assess the phylogenetic signal in observed mineralization patterns.

Main Methods:

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cryo-SEM for biomineral distribution analysis.
Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) with element mapping to identify mineral composition.
Mapping biomineral distribution onto the Boraginales phylogeny.

Main Results:

Calcium carbonate, silica, and calcium phosphate were found in varying combinations across all species.
Trichome tips showed regular mineralization (silica or calcium phosphate), while shafts and bases were more variable.
Thirteen species displayed triple biomineralization (calcium carbonate, silica, and calcium phosphate).

Conclusions:

Biomineralization in Boraginales is complex, site-specific, and widespread.
Calcium phosphate is a common functional analog to silica in plant trichomes.
Distinct phylogenetic patterns in biomineralization exist across Boraginales families, indicating evolutionary constraints.