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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals

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Evidence for Viral Interference and Cross-reactive Protective Immunity Between Influenza B Virus Lineages.

Karen L Laurie^1,2,3, William Horman², Louise A Carolan¹

¹WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Australia.

The Journal of Infectious Diseases

|January 12, 2018

Summary

Infection with one influenza B virus lineage can prevent subsequent infection by the other lineage, suggesting cross-reactive immunity limits viral spread and influences seasonal dominance.

Keywords:

Viral interference cross-protection dominance ferret influenza influenza B lineage

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Last Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals

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Published on: January 20, 2017

Area of Science:

Virology
Immunology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Two distinct influenza B virus lineages, B/Victoria and B/Yamagata, circulate globally.
While serologically distinct, cross-reactive immune responses between these lineages have been observed.
Viral interference is a phenomenon where one virus infection inhibits another.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the potential for viral interference between the two major influenza B virus lineages.
To understand the immunological mechanisms underlying this interference.

Main Methods:

Ferrets were infected with one influenza B lineage.
Animals were subsequently challenged with the heterologous lineage at varying intervals (3, 10, or 28 days).
Viral shedding and immune responses (interferon-gamma) were monitored.

Main Results:

Viral interference was observed at 3 and 10-day intervals, and occasionally at 28 days.
Reduced challenge virus shedding correlated with cross-reactive interferon-gamma responses.
Both lineages demonstrated the ability to limit subsequent infection by the other lineage.
Coinfections were rare, suggesting limited potential for genetic reassortment.

Conclusions:

Innate and cross-reactive immunity mediate viral interference between influenza B lineages.
This interference may contribute to the dominance of a single lineage during an influenza season.
Prior infection with one lineage may offer protection against subsequent infection by either lineage.