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Genomics

Genomics

Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
Genomic Diversity in Bacteria
Although bacterial genomes are much...

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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

The ITS2 Database

The ITS2 Database

Published on: March 12, 2012

Bioinformatics and genomic databases.

Jason Chen¹, Giovanni Coppola¹

¹Interdepartmental Program in Bioinformatics and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

|January 13, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Bioinformatics, using high-throughput sequencing and data analysis, is revolutionizing the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of neurological diseases. Advances in genomics and epigenetics offer new molecular insights for transforming medicine.

Keywords:

bioinformatics chromatin structure databases exome sequencing gene expression genome sequencing genomics proteomics

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Published on: May 26, 2013

Area of Science:

Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
Genomics and Molecular Biology
Neuroscience and Neurology

Background:

High-throughput sequencing technologies provide unprecedented data for biological and medical research.
Understanding disease at the molecular level (DNA, RNA, protein) is crucial for diagnosis and treatment.
Bioinformatics plays a key role in analyzing complex biological data.

Purpose of the Study:

To review advances in bioinformatics applications for neurological diseases.
To highlight the role of genomics, epigenetics, and expression profiling in understanding nervous system disorders.
To discuss the integration of diverse biological data for molecular mechanism elucidation.

Main Methods:

Array genotyping, exome sequencing, and whole-genome sequencing in patient populations.
Epigenetic marker profiling, including histone modifications.
Analysis of mRNA and protein expression data from high-throughput studies.
Network and pathway analysis of gene interactions.

Main Results:

Genomic and epigenomic data interpretation has advanced disease understanding.
Expression profiling enables complex analyses of gene function across various conditions.
Identification of gene pathways and networks provides deeper molecular insights.
Bioinformatics has significantly contributed to early-stage neurological research.

Conclusions:

Continued bioinformatics advancements promise to transform neurological medicine.
Integration and analysis of large-scale genomics data are key to future clinical practice.
Bioinformatics is essential for translating basic science discoveries into clinical applications for nervous system diseases.